GWYNEDD FRIENDS MEETING HISTORY - 20TH CENTURY
(Janet H. Henderson, 04/15/01)
Addition of new wing 1903
In 1903 the Quarterly Meeting entertainment committee proposed selling the 1857 School House and lot and erecting a building adjoining the Meeting House, to be used for the school and for entertaining Friends at Quarterly Meeting. The 1857 School House was sold to neighbor Judge William H. Staake for $700. The frame addition cost $2006.97 and was completed in 1905. (8) Richard B. Willis remembers teachers: Miss Mather, Lucretia Castor and Eliza Foulke (from 1913 to 1918). There was also an assistant, and special teachers for singing, art and penmanship. Carrie Childs, the music teacher said to Dick's mother (Mary Brunner Willis), "Mary, the Quaker children are all tone deaf!"(2) Gwen Ellen Evans Nicodemus attended the school from age 6 to 10, years 1922 to 1926, when it closed because the cost to the Meeting did not seem justified. (3)
Before 1920
In 1914 the Post Office was moved from Walter H. Jenkins’s home to a small building made for the purpose on Meeting property near the caretaker's house. This tiny post office was moved across the road in 1955. Described as no bigger than an outhouse, it was sold, moved and replaced in 1967 by the present post office. (1)
Albert C. Livezey and his sister Edith Livezey were well remembered by several Gwynedd members. They sat on the facing benches, men's side and women's side, for as long as Dick Willis can remember and as long as they were able. Albert sat motionless with eyes closed, seemingly asleep, but always broke Meeting as expected. Edith, however, stared at the body of the meeting so that "you couldn't get away from her eyes”. Dick Willis recalls a visiting nephew looking at her cross-eyed to stop her gaze. (2) Another noteworthy member was Anna Ferris Hallowell in her long black dress and neck choker. (3)
There was a pot-bellied stove in the center of the Meeting House until the late 1930s.
1920s
Suffragettes were active in North Wales, and one of Gwynedd Meeting's members, Mary Brunner Willis was active with them. When women got the right to vote in 1919, a group of eleven suffragettes got together at the Willis home (the former North Wales Academy started by Mary's father, Samuel Brunner, and run until he died in 1903). In 1920 the group formed the North Wales chapter of the League of Women Voters. They often met in the large Willis home. From the 1940s into the 1990s many Gwynedd Meeting members were active in the League of Women Voters and the Meeting House was sometimes the site of their meetings. In 1976 Mary Willis was honored for having been a League member for 50 years. (Mary lived to be 109 years old.) (6)
Gwynedd Meeting was in the country. Gwen Ellen Evans Nicodemus knew no one who had a car, except her cousins from the city. Her father had a horse and buggy and mostly stayed in the community. Her grandmother and grandfather ran a summer boarding house for city people at their farm on Evans Road. In 1922 there was a trolley from Chestnut Hill to Lansdale which went down Sumneytown Pike and cost five cents to ride. It ceased operation in the mid 1920s. (3)
Starting sometime in the 1920s, the Sewing Group made garments for the American Friends Service Committee. Eleanor Evans was active with this group, as were Maryanna Harris, Betty Willis, Vivian Byrd, Hannah Tomlinson, Ethel Hallowell, Elizabeth Hale, Martha Meadowcroft and Emma Conrad. They met monthly through the years. During the war years they also cut and folded bandages for the hospital. (3) Mildred Thierman remembers working on articles for Friends Neighborhood Guild with Eliza Foulke at Dorothy Hallowell's home in the 1940s. (5, p.65) When Foulkeways opened in 1967 and many of the group moved there, they prepared donated used clothing for the AFSC, later changing their activity to monthly packing at the AFSC warehouse in Philadelphia, located first at 23rd and Arch and then at 1515 Cherry Street. (3)
In 1927 the blacksmith shop, built in 1817 by blacksmith and Meeting member Morgan Morgan and still in use on Gwynedd property, was torn down and used to construct a dwelling just south of where the post office now stands. Morgan Morgan was there for 6 years, when Dr. Antrim Foulke bought it, great great grandson of Meeting founder Edward Foulke. (8, p.34)
Thomas and Eliza Foulke
Thomas Foulke was the son of Gwynedd Members Joseph Foulke and Laura Haines Lippincott Foulke. His mother had come from Moorestown, New Jersey to teach at the 1857 School House in 1887 and married Joseph in 1892. Tom grew up in the Meeting, was in the George School class of 1912 with Eliza Ambler and studied Law at Temple University. Eliza’s parents were Edwin Moore Ambler, a farmer in Conshohocken who died when Eliza was three years old, and Annie Webster Ambler, who supported the family by running a boarding house across the street from Plymouth Friends Meeting, where the family was active. In 1913 Eliza became a teacher at Gwynedd School in the 1903 wing, taking four trolleys each way to get to work. The number of students increased from 9 to 36 in eight grades during the five years she was teaching there. Eliza's pay was $50. a month. In 1923 Tom and Eliza were married. They had both been involved with the Race Street Yearly Meeting's Young Friends movement (Eliza was the first Executive Secretary from 1918 to 1823). They both became very active in the life of Gwynedd Meeting. Eliza was on the school committee in 1927 when the decision was made to close the school. The Foulkes were responsible for starting Camp Onas at Point Pleasant. They initiated the writing of Gwynedd Meeting's Plan of Organization, Membership and Marriage pamphlets. (5, p.69)
Over the years, both served as superintendent of the First Day School and Tom often led the singing. They were good at getting others to assume responsibilities. Dick Willis remembers Tom saying "responsibilities make us grow!" (2) Tom Foulke was also the Clerk of Race Street Yearly Meeting from 1933 to 1941.
The "Gwynedd Association" was a community organization that met at Gwynedd Meeting because it was the only large building in the area. It started in 1927 (1) and continued into the 30s. There were educational and political lectures and various forms of entertainment, including plays. Dick Willis remembers that after the meeting, they would have dinner at the William Penn Inn. (2)
1930s
Cars became more prevalent in the 1930s. Some of Gwynedd Meeting's children went to Quaker boarding schools, primarily George School since Gwynedd was a "Hicksite" meeting from the time of the split in 1827. Gwen Ellen Evans Nicodemus and Emily Hallowell Phillips Johnson were there from 1930-34 and remember that while George School had dances and allowed students to play cards, Westtown did not yet allow these entertainments. "We felt very worldly" said Regina Hallowell Peasley, a student at George School in the early 1940s. (3)
Emily Hallowell Phillips Johnson remembers a very active young peoples group at Gwynedd Meeting that put on many plays, had picnics and other activities. Children included: Hallowells, Meadowcrofts, Johnstons, Supplees, and Evanses. (3)
Around 1930, Gwynedd Meeting had dwindled to a few regular attenders, sometimes as few as ten at Meeting for Worship and 2 or 3 at Meeting for Business. In 1933, Eliza and Tom Foulke devoted themselves to revitalizing the Meeting. Eliza called on first time attenders in their homes, invited mothers with young children to a coffee hour in the school room, circulated inspiring books and hosted Sunday dinners for Meeting members and attenders. (5, pp. 47, 52, & 53).
Richard and Elizabeth Passmore Willis brought their children to Gwynedd Meeting in the late 1930s and became active with First Day School and committee work. Dick remembers a Meeting Budget of $1200, of which $600 was for the caretaker. Ethel Ball Hallowell was the superintendent of First Day School for many years, followed by Eliza and Tom Foulke. The Willises remember the central role of Tom and Eliza Foulkes in the life of the meeting and the efforts of the Foulkes and Ruth Austin to welcome newcomers. Ruth would rush to the door at the back of the meeting room as soon as the handshake broke meeting so that visitors could not leave before being greeted by her and introduced to other Meeting members. (2)
The efforts were successful. There were many new members in the early 1940s: Harry and Barbara Saul Sprogell, Maryanna and Fred Harris, Evelyn and William Hodge, August and Marion W. Martin, Linda and Russell Paton and Kurt and Inge Hoff.
Community Lectures
Community Lectures grew out of community meetings sponsored jointly by Horsham, Plymouth, Norristown and Gwynedd meetings and given in the meeting houses during 1939. After a year or so, Gwynedd assumed the responsibility and subsequent lectures were presented in our meeting house. (8, pp.31 & 32) The lectures continued into the early 1950’s. Dick Willis remembers getting speakers and often picking them up. Rufus Jones was a prominent speaker, as well as Felix Morley (then president of Haverford College). Douglas Steere, just back from Finland in 1939, said "the only way to have peace is to make yourself vulnerable, but everyone has to do it". Hornell Hart from the Unitarian Church spoke several times. The lectures became less frequent during the war years because of gas rationing. (2)
World Day of Prayer
In the 1940s one day a year in March was designated as the "World Day of Prayer". Gwynedd Meeting, the Church of the Messiah, Penllyn Baptist Church and Boehms Church participated with the Day of Prayer held at one of the sites on a rotating basis. In the 1970s and 80s through the 90s Gwynedd Meeting had representatives on the Ministerium, increasing our knowledge of and cooperation with other churches. (3)
Mid-week Meeting for Worship started in the 1940s as a sort of prayer group. It was held at the Foulkes' home, wherever Eliza was living. When she moved to Foulkeways, the Beaumont Parlor became the site of Fifth-day Meeting for Worship.
The War Years 1942-1945
The war years were a difficult time for Gwynedd and other meetings because of the Peace Testimony and the feeling that although war was wrong, this was an important conflict. People at the meeting tried to support its young members who became conscientious objectors in CPS (CIVILIAN PUBLIC SERVICE) camps and also those who chose to join the military in non-combatant or combatant jobs. Regina Hallowell Peasley speaks of her four brothers, one of whom started as a conscientious objector and, realizing it was not right for him, went into the army as a non-combatant. A second brother joined the Air Corps and the others the navy, one a combatant and the other a non-combatant. Her sister, Emily Hallowell Phillips husband, Elwood, was a conscientious objector, but brothers and brother-in-law all respected the different choices, which were made. Some other young men reportedly felt frowned upon if they joined the military. Gwen Ellen Evans Nicodemus' twin sons enlisted, did not feel in tune with Quakers and did not continue their membership in Meeting. (3)
1945 Beaumont Bequest
On October 16, 1945 Charles O. Beaumont called lawyer Tom Foulke to come to his home prepared to draw up a will. Charles Beaumont died 40 days later (less than 30 days would have made the will invalid), leaving to Gwynedd Meeting, as a memorial to his wife May Foulke Beaumont, the Beaumont house furnished with antiques, a doctor's office, another smaller house with some furniture, a small barn, a larger barn across Meetinghouse Road and sixty-four acres of farmland. In 1823 May Foulke Beaumont's grandfather, Dr. Antrim Foulke, a member of Gwynedd Meeting, had purchased the 1817 Beaumont house and land from its original builder, blacksmith Morgan Morgan. Many years later he purchased the 1879 Lowry House from blacksmith Henry S. Lowry. (Dr. Antrim Foulke was a great great grandson of Edward Foulke, who came from Wales in 1698 and was one of the founders of Gwynedd Meeting). A "Beaumont Committee" was appointed consisting of Horace G. Evans, Helen G. Stees, Tom and Eliza Foulke, Russell E. Paton, Helen M. Price, Harry E. Sprogell, John A. Stees and Marguerite I. Wolf. (7, pp.3-5).
While Gwynedd was trying to decide what to do with this wonderful bequest, the Beaumont House and the Lowry House were rented to people through notices in the Gwynedd Newsletter and the Friends Intelligencer (now the Friends Journal), a Quaker weekly in Philadelphia. The smaller "Lowry House", was first used by the Bedford Center for inner-city children in the summer. Then Stephen and Mildred Thierman lived in the house for the winter. The Beaumont House was soon converted into two apartments to make it easier to rent. The finer antiques were put in the May Foulke Beaumont Room on the second floor of the 1948 building and the rest of the furnishings were sold. A grandfather clock was repaired and placed in the East Room and a piano from the smaller house was repaired, tuned and put into service at the Meeting House. Later, many of these antiques were placed in the Beaumont Parlor at Foulkeways or elsewhere in Meeting buildings. (7, pp.6-8)
Many couples and families came to Gwynedd Meeting and became members because of living in these houses. Some were: Lois and Hal Barton; Holly and Ross Sanderson; John and Dorothy Baer; Ray and Ruth Hartsough; John and Mary Ellen Sarbaugh; Lewis and Louise Hoskins; Anne Margret Osterkamp, a refuge from Hitler’s Germany and her five-year-old son George; James and Henrietta Read; and Martin and Margie Trueblood. (7. p.6) Many had been conscientious objectors during the war and were valuable additions to the Meeting community. Others who came to Gwynedd Meeting during or after the war were: Paul and Madge Seaver, Lowell and Charlotte Wright, Mark and Barbara Emerson, Mark and Lorraine Deibler and Wilbert and Nina Braxton (1947). Jane and Alfred Wright transferred their membership from Norristown Meeting around 1947. In 1951 active Gwynedd members, Doris B. and Edwin S. Jones moved into the Lowry house. Edwin died in 1969, but Doris remained there until she moved into Foulkeways in 1972. (7, p.10).
In 1947 many came together for "Friday Friendly Frolickers" work afternoons which included a supper brought by members. The main project was to level an area for a tennis court, but it was made instead into driveways and a parking lot east of the carriage shed wall. (3) About this same time many of the carriage sheds, built in 1821, were town down, leaving five bays for a play area. (4) West of the parking lot a ring of scarlet oaks was planted in a “Friendship Circle” for outdoor picnics and meetings. (8, p. 33).
1948 Addition
The 1948 addition was designed by architect and meeting member Allen Moore, who had come to the meeting with his wife, Maude, through their neighbors, Dick and Betty Willis. The meeting was able to raise $39,000 to complete this project, some of which was lent by members and later repaid. (2) The 1948 building provided, on two floors: six classrooms, closets, hallways two rest rooms and a covered porch. It was completed in time for the 250th Anniversary celebrations.
As part of the project, the 1903 wing was renovated. The kitchen was moved from the full width of the back of the building to a side classroom, and the back area was made into a stage platform. (3) Curtains were made by Emily Hallowell Phillips and Elizabeth Hale. They ordered fabric from California to save money. Emily recalls spreading the huge amount of material on the floor of her Fort Washington home and sewing it by machine into ceiling- to-floor drapes. These were hung on tracks in the 1903 wing to separate areas into “rooms” for the different First Day School classes. (3)
The tradition of having a Christmas Tea at Gwynedd Meeting began in the late 1940s.
Visiting Abington Friends Home in Norristown each month was an activity of some Gwynedd members. Florence Jenkins and Helen Mott lived there and as did others that many at Gwynedd knew. The beautiful old building, located where the Norristown library is now, was sold in the 1970s and the $250,000 used to build Abington House at Foulkeways for personal care residents.
The Foulkes Spend a Year in Japan with the AFSC
In 1949, Tom and Eliza Foulke were asked by the American Friends Service Committee to work in Tokyo, Japan for a year, helping with relief programs and seminars, and establishing a Neighborhood Center. They left home on February 10, 1949 and stayed in Japan until late January 1950. (5, pp.74 & 113). Tom supervised the work of LARA (Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia), distributing powdered milk, clothing and penicillin (5, p. 81), while Eliza gave her aid to a nursery in a burned out area and had charge of the new Neighborhood Center in Toyama Heights. (8, p.35). They were directors of the first AFSC international seminar at Tsuda College in late August 1949, with fifty participants, twenty-five Japanese. (5, pp.105 & 106). Through the teaching of English conversation and the example of their lives, they influenced many Japanese and drew new members to the existing Quaker Meeting in Tokyo and to a new Meeting held at the Neighborhood Center. Their work and experiences in Japan were of tremendous interest to Gwynedd Meeting and greatly influenced the rest of the Foulkes' lives and friendships. (5)
About the same time, Thornton Price went with the AFSC to the Gaza Strip in Palestine for seven months (4) and Jim and Henrietta Read were in Germany and Switzerland. Lola Huff (who later married Orville Wolford) also went to Palestine. The world was becoming a smaller place and more a part of Gwynedd members' lives.
1949 250th Anniversary Celebration
Betty Marshall coordinated the effort. Pennsylvania Governor Fine spoke.
1950s
In the 1950s the Foulkes kept up steady rounds of visiting and entertaining, drawing individuals and families to Gwynedd First Day School and Meeting. Some of these were: Bush and Billie Clinton, new neighbors of the Foulkes; John and Jeanetta Bicking; Richard and Louisa Bennett; Paul and Esther Goulding (Tom defended Paul who as a teacher refused to take the Pennsylvania loyalty oath); and Madge and Ben Seaver whose twin sons, Paul and David, were imprisoned for infringement of Selective Service laws during the Korean War and were counseled and assisted by Tom. Eliza took young friends with her when she visited the sick, elderly and long-absent Friends as a way of training the next generation. They stayed no longer than twenty minutes so the visit would not degenerate into chitchat. (5, p.144).
Gwynedd Meeting was also enriched by visits from Japanese students from local colleges and Pendle Hill who were hosted by the Foulkes during vacation periods.
In the mid-1950s, the Meeting felt the need for a secretary to take care of meeting lists, directories, newsletters and so on. Paul and Esther Goulding were appointed with a small salary. In 1960 Regina Hallowell Peasley was appointed by the Meeting, with the job including that of recorder. (3)
In 1954 Anne and James Stein and Roger and Dorothy Hallowell attended a Friends World Conference gathering in England. Rolland and Janet Henderson came to Gwynedd Meeting in 1959 after working for two years with the American Friends Service Committee International Work Camp program in Japan. In 1962 Lowell Braxton volunteered to work with the Peace Corps in the Dominican Republic as a well driller, then transferred to Ecuador for building schools. Reba Harris (Mohan) taught in Nigeria in 1966. Martha Willis (Wilcockson) worked with the Peace Corps in the Seychelle Islands, off Kenya, in the 1990s as an occupational therapist. (3)
Beaumont Property
For 12 years various ideas were discussed for using the Beaumont property such as selling the property, using it for a retreat center, a community library, a conference center, a Friends school, a summer camp for the needy, housing for conscientious objectors, or building low income housing. The Meeting nearly agreed to a homesteading proposal. In 1958 C. Edward Zimmerman suggested that the land be used to build "a place where the retired and aging could live independently and happily, and where they could be taken care of when necessary". The idea was well received and a new Beaumont Committee was appointed: Wilbert L. and Nina P. Braxton, Paul W. and Esther S. Goulding, Harry E. and Barbara S. Sprogell, Arnold E. and Caroline F. Trueblood and C. Edward and Blanche P. Zimmerman, John A. and Helen G Stees. The committee had difficulty accomplishing what was needed until Dorothy N. Cooper, a consultant for the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting committee on Care of the Aging came in 1963 to speak with Blanche Perkins Zimmerman and Barbara Sprogell to see what was happening. She told them that a retirement community was exactly what was needed and they must find a way to do it. Added to the committee were: Lorraine W. Deibler, Joseph S. Evans II, Martha P. Hankin, Warren N. Helman, August L. Martin, Marion W. Martin, Ann Osterkamp, W. Russell Stott, Richard B. Willis and Lowell E. Wright. Many from Yearly Meeting were also asked to work on the project, about fifty accepting. William Clarke knew of a life-care retirement community in California and said that “it can be done and we will do it”. So encouraged, many did what was necessary to get the project built on the Beaumont property. (7, pp.14, 22 & 24).
In 1964 Gwynedd Monthly Meeting directed Trustees to lease the Beaumont farm and 3 1/2 acres bought in 1949 (access to Sumneytown Pike) to Foulkeways, Inc. for 99 years. (7, p.31). (The Beaumont House had been sold in 1963.) "Foulkeways", as it was named, was opened in 1967. Later, a new agreement was approved that extended the lease beyond 99 years to infinity.
Reuniting of the Two Philadelphia Yearly Meetings
The Friends Social Union was formed in 1915 (1) to bring the two Yearly Meetings back together. Hicksite and Orthodox Quakers met together. The Willises were members as were the Foulkes and Charles Jenkins. Young Friends met jointly and there was cooperative work within the American Friends Service Committee.
Although there was a lot of talk at Gwynedd Meeting as early as the 1930’s about getting the two factions back together, not much progress seems to have been made. Emily Phillips Johnson remembers going with other Young Friends in the 1930s to see if there was anything going on at the Arch Street Meeting Yearly Meeting sessions, and being warmly welcomed by Orthodox Young Friends there. The 1827 Hicksite-Orthodox split in Philadelphia Yearly Meeting was something Tom and Eliza Foulke could not explain to the Japanese Quakers. They returned to Gwynedd in January 1950 feeling the burden of reuniting the two Philadelphia Yearly Meetings. Eliza gave a message at Yearly Meeting that year which Eleanor Stabler Clarke thought was the beginning of the actual act of rejoining in 1956. Eliza and Tom Foulke worked hard to bring the two Yearly Meetings together, once attending Arch Street Yearly Meeting under a personal concern, with Tom giving a message from Race Street Yearly Meeting. The Hicksite and Orthodox Yearly Meetings finally joined in 1956, Thomas and Eliza Foulke being central in the successful effort. (5, pp.118-120).
Eliza Foulke Returns to Japan
After Tom's long illness and death in October 1962, Eliza was invited back to Japan by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Japan Committee to be the hostess of Friends Center in Tokyo from May 1963 for a year. Though challenged by an acute attack of shingles and a gall bladder operation, she fulfilled her duties and renewed many close friendships from her work there in 1949 to 1950. (5)
Returning to Gwynedd and waiting for entry into Foulkeways, Eliza worked on several historical writings, including a revision of her history of the Beaumont property in 1966. In 1967 she entered Foulkeways, becoming a caring and welcoming presence there, but still attending and often speaking in Meeting for Worship at Gwynedd on Sundays. In 1969 she wrote "A Record of the Historical Facts of Gwynedd Meeting". She was an important presence at Foulkeways until her death on March 15, 1987. (5, PP.170, 185, 195, 200, & 218)
In 1966, the 1857 School House (sold in 1903) was purchased by Gus and Marion Martin, remodeled for First Day School and community use, and given to the Meeting. The bathroom, kitchenette, oak flooring and central heating were added at this time. Painting and repairs were again done in 1997 to prepare the building for use by the Preschool during the demolition of the 1903 wing and the building of the 1998 addition. In 2000 a drainage ditch was constructed around the School House to solve the building's moisture problem. Repair and painting was done inside and out and floors refinished to create an attractive home for the new Kindergarten class of ten students, one teacher and an assistant.
In 1967 Foulkeways opened for occupancy, with many members of Gwynedd Meeting involved as residents or as members of the corporation and board.
Meeting Benches
Through the years, efforts have been made to improve comfort on the Meeting House benches. In 1942 the "Boosters" provided new cushions on the benches. (8, p.31). The horsehair filled green cushions were put on the balcony benches in the late 1960s when burgundy velveteen covered foam cushions were made for most of the benches in the Meeting Room and East Room (or Service Room or First Day School Room as it had been called).
In 1988, for use during their daughter's marriage at Gwynedd, Rolland and Janet Henderson built a "wedding bench", with cushion, for the couple to sit on. The lowest step of the center stairs is removable and the bench fits between and matches the facing benches. During other uses of the Meeting Room, the wedding bench fits on the top level of the left side of facing benches.
In the early 1990s Connie Esch's first grade First Day School class made small bright blue pillows with white appliqued snowflake designs. These were placed around the room for anyone to use. In the late 1990s, Property Committee under Arnold Trueblood's supervision, added middle boards to those benches that lacked them and extended the front edges of four benches to create deeper seats. At the time of the 1998 renovations, the floor level benches in the East Room were removed and placed elsewhere inside and outside the building. Stackable chairs were available for use in various configurations according to the use of the East Room.
Bibliography
1. "Memorable Events at Gwynedd Meeting 1698 - 1974" Prepared in 1974
2. Interview with Richard and Elizabeth Passmore Willis on August 30, 2000 in their apartment at Foulkeways, Gwynedd, Pennsylvania. Audio-tape and video-tape. Filming by Reba Harris Mohan, interviewing by Janet Hetzel Henderson.
3. Interview with Gwen Ellen Evans Nicodemus, Regina Hallowell Peasley and Emily Hallowell Phillips Johnson on August 23, 2000 in Gwen Ellen’s apartment at Foulkeways, Gwynedd, Pennsylvania. Audio-tape and video-tape. Filming by Reba Harris Mohan, interviewing by Janet Hetzel Henderson.
4. “A Brief History of Gwynedd Meeting” by Eleanor Jenkins Zendt, historian, July 24, 1990.
5. Thomas and Eliza Foulke of Gwynedd Friends Meeting - What Love Can Do by Norma Adams Price and Barbara Sprogell Jacobson, 1988.
6. Unpublished summaries of League of Women Voters Monthly Meeting Minutes prepared by Janet Hetzel Henderson 1995.
7. Foulkeways: The Treasure and the Dream by Blanche Perkins Zimmerman, 1992
8. "Gwynedd Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends 1699-1949 Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary". Gwynedd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Printed by the Times, Inc., Westminster, MD.