Note: This abstract draws on two main sources: "Penn", by Elizabeth Janet Gray (a.k.a. Elizabeth Gray Vining), copyright 1938, reissued in 1986 by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends and "The Life of William Penn with Selections from his Correspondence and Autobiography", by Samuel M. Janney, Sixth Edition 1882, Published by the Friends' Book Association. The author (James Quinn, Gwynedd MM) also consulted the Pendle Hill pamphlet, "William Penn", by Richard R. Wood. Revision of April, 2011.

1644 - Baptized at All Hallows Church, London. Penn stayed home (Wanstead, Essex) with his mother while his father, the Admiral William Penn, was away in service to the Commonwealth. He attended Chigwell Grammar School. In 1657, Admiral Penn invites the Quaker minister Thomas Loe to his home.

October 1660 - enters Christ Church College, Oxford University. He is fined for having services at the home of Dr. Owen, the former Puritan head of Christ Church instead of at Chapel. He comes under the influence of the Quaker, Thomas Loe.

April 1661 - attends the coronation of Charles II in London

Fall 1661 - he is expelled from Oxford for having his own services in his room instead of attending Chapel. He father beats him for this.

July 1662 - he leaves on a grand tour of Europe with the Earl of Crawford. Louis XIV receives them at court. That autumn in Anjou he begins studies for a year at the Huguenot Academy at Saumur under Moise Amyraut. He leaves in 1664. He resumes his travels in the company of Robert Spencer. He meets Robert's uncle, Algernon Sidney, in exile in Turin, Italy, for his views on political liberty. By August, 1664 he had returned to London, as his father prepares the Royal Navy for war against the Dutch.

February 1665 - Begins to prepare for a career in law at Lincoln's Inn, Chancery Lane, London. Penn is by this time a well-educated man with a good knowledge of English law, theology, and world history.

March 1666- Sails with his father and the Duke of York on war vessels against the Dutch. Before the engagements, he is sent home with dispatches for the King.

June 1666 - His father wins a battle at sea and the plague visits London. The ministers of the established church flee London and Quakers preach from their pulpits. William resumes the study of law.

Fall 1666 - He begins the practice of law in Ireland.

Spring 1667 - He goes with his friend Lord Arran to quell a rebellion at Carrickfergus. William shows coolness and courage in battle. He has his picture painted in armor.

September 1667 - The Great Fire of London. William returns in January to find the city in ruins. He returns to Shangarry.

1668 - After meeting Thomas Low again in Ireland, he converts to the Quakers. On the 3rd of September, he and the other Friends attending meeting at Cork are arrested. Late that year he leaves for London for a confrontation with his father about his newfound religion. He travels there with Josiah Coale, newly returned from America. Coale discusses setting up a utopia in America with him. He writes his first pamphlet, "Truth Exalted", a call to the professors of religion of every name to cease from a dependence upon outward observances or confessions of faith, and to seek for salvation where alone it may be known, by obedience to the law of God written in the heart. (Janney)

1668-1669 - He meets George Fox in London. His father tries to disown him, but cannot bring himself to do it (Wood suggests that Penn's father may have in fact admired his son's principled positions as much as he feared the consequences of them). He debates the Presbyterian minister Thomas Vincent with fellow Quaker George Whitehead. He writes the pamphlet "The Sandy Foundation Shaken." For it, he is sent to the Tower of London without trial at the urging of the Bishop of London. The Sandy Foundation was written as a response to accusations of blasphemy by a dissenting minister, Thomas Vincent. While imprisoned he writes "No Cross, No Crown." He writes the pamphlet "Innocency with her Open Face", which is received by the King as satisfaction for "The Sandy Foundation Shaken," and after which Penn is released after about eight months in the Tower in July, 1669. In September he begins courting Gulielma Springett, step-daughter of the Buckinghamshire Quaker, Isaac Pennington. Gulielma's mother Mary had first married Sir William Springett who had died in the English Civil War. He becomes known as a Quaker minister and writer.

Winter 1669-1670 - Back in Ireland, practicing law, he writes "Letter of Love to the Young Convinced" and "The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience." With the help of powerful friends, such as Lord Arran, he wins the freedom of all the Quakers imprisoned in Ireland. Meanwhile, in England the Conventicle Act (1670) was renewed and a severe persecution of Quakers and Baptists begins. This act was supposed to prevent seditious conventicles, but was really intended to suppress religious meetings conducted "in any other manner than according to the litrugy and practice of the church of England."  "This act", says Thomas Ellwood, "broke down and overran the bounds and banks anciently set for the security of Englishmen's lives, liberties, and properties, namely, trials by jury; instead thereof, authorizing justices of the peace (and that too, privately, out of sessions) to convict, fine, and by their warrants distrain upon offenders against it, directly contrary to the Great Charter."  In June 1670 he returns to England. He is reconciled with his father.

Note:

Penn's journal from his stay in Ireland still exists and has been republished as My Irish Journal by William Penn, edited by Isabel Grubb, Longmans, Green and Co., 1952. It is dense with the names of those he knew there, including lists of those he had informal Meetings for Worship with and those who he had business with. The journal starts September 15, 1669 in England, with him at Isaac Pennington's where he and "Guli Springett" attend informal Quaker Meetings and travelled together. On 25 October, he arrived at Cork. The Penns had claim to over seventy pieces of land in southern Ireland, both east and west of the city of Cork (over 12,000 acres). Diary entries are about half business and half Quaker references and he seems to have been constantly traveling. Amongst those mentioned in the journal are "Major Farmer", later the original land owner of most of Whitemarsh township, Pennsylvania, Robert Turner, who later as a Philadelphian sold the Gwynedd company their land in Pennsylvania, and "Col. Phair." Besides Penn, some of those frequently speaking in Quaker meetings were Solomon Eccles, William Edmundson, Lucretia Cook and John Burnyeat. Other travelling companions include Philip Ford and John Pennington. It appears that most of Penn's tenants, fellow land owners and Quakers were English, not Irish, and that a lot of them had military titles indicating they had fought either for Cromwell or the King's army. His Journal makes clear that Penn actively sought out non-Quakers for the purpose of debate. He quite publically worked to free Quakers from prison. His spare time seems to have been devoted to writing pamphlets.

14 August 1670 - He is arrested with William Mead, a Quaker and former captain in Cromwell's army, preaching outside the padlocked Quaker meeting-house in London off Gracechurch Street. He is held at Newgate Prison two weeks before the famous trial. In this trial the jury acquits Penn and Mead and judge has the jury locked up without food until they change their verdict! Penn tells the jury, "You are Englishmen; mind your privileges, give not away your right." To which juror Edward Bushell replies, "Nor will we ever do it!" The jury is imprisoned for their verdict and successfully sues the judges for false imprisonment, as the King's Bench decides that no jury can be punished for their verdict, a principle of law established by this trial. It took a year for this resolution of the case. A transcript is on-line at www.constitution.org. Amongst the comments of the court officials in the transcripts are favorable comments about the Spanish inquisition. Here is a link to some letters he wrote his father while in Newgate prison. These letters show that Penn was quite conscious of playing his part in an act of civil disobedience aimed at securing the rights of all Englishmen in trial by jury.

16 September 1670 His father dies at his residence at Wanstead, Essex. Penn inherited an annual income from his father's estate of about 1500 pounds.

5 February 1671, He is arrested again for speaking at Quaker meeting with Thomas Rudyard and he is imprisoned at Newgate until August, this time without benefit of a jury trial. His official offence was refusal to take the oath of allegience to the crown (Quakers would not take any oath).

1671. He sees George Fox off on Fox's trip to America.

4 April 1672 - He marries Gulielma Springett at King's Farm, Chorley Wood. The marriage proves to be strong and affectionate. They take up residence in Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire.

1672. Penn travels to meetings in Kent, Sussex and Surrey. Penn, Giulielma and George Whitehead participate in Religious meetings in Bristol where they welcome George Fox back from America. Later in London, Penn, Whitehead, George Keith and Stephen Crisp debate Jeremy Ives, Thomas Hicks and others on theological beliefs of Friends with over 6000 in attendance.

1673 - 1677 The King passes a law of Indulgence, suspending the laws passed against the non-Conforming religious groups. This respite is brief as parliament will soon reinstate them and pass the Test Act. Penn's daughter Gulielma is born and dies. Penn obtains from Lord Baltimore an agreement excusing Quakers in Maryland from the requirement of taking oaths (1673). Penn writes "England's Present Interest Considered" (1675), an argument that religious tolerance leads to prosperity and follows from fundamental English law. The Quaker Edward Byllynge buys West Jersey with John Fenwick his agent (1675) from Lord Berkeley. Penn is called to mediate a dispute between Byllynge and Fenwick. Fenwick sails with his family and others and founds Salem, New Jersey. Penn becomes a trustee for New Jersey. Penn probably helped write a The Charter or Fundamental Laws of West New Jersey that includes freedom of conscience, an assembly elected by the people and true trial by jury adapted in 1676 (see footnote 1.)

1677-78 - Five more ships sail to New Jersey and the city of Burlington is founded. They buy the land from the Native Americans. A new wave of persecution breaks out in England. Fox is imprisoned. Penn is imprisoned three times between 1673 and 1678. He meets with the Duke of York (a Catholic who later becomes James II) who takes up the cause against religious intolerance. Fox is released after delays. He moves to Worminghurst in Sussex. Penn accompanies George Fox on a trip to Holland and Germany with George Keith, Robert Barclay, George Watts, John Furley and William Tallcoatt. They are well received by Princess Elizabeth Palatine of the Rhine, Charles II's first cousin. They spend time at Crisheim, Germany where a Quaker meeting had been already established and preach all over the Rheinlands.

1678-1680 - Penn's home is Worminghurst and he attends meeting at Coolham and sometimes at Horsham. In March 1678 Penn goes before Parliament to plead for legislative relief from religious persecution. Parliament is dissolved before it can act and a new one instated. Penn campaigns for the Whig candidate Algernon Sidney, a radical pro-democracy candidate, who has returned from exile. The Quakers are on the outside in politics - the Protestant Whigs persecute them for religion and the Royal party (Tories) because they are Whigs. Thousands of Quakers are in prison, where over 300 die since Charles II takes the throne.

June 1680 - Charles II owes the Penns 16000 pounds for money loaned him by the admiral, William Penn Sr., and Penn Jr. writes to the King asking for land in America as payment. The Duke of York and Robert Spencer, his old friend, who is now the Earl of Sunderland, supports him.

4 March 1681 - The King signs over Pennsylvania to William Penn and names the colony after Penn's father.

1681-1682 - About 3000 persons of European descent (Swedes, Dutch and Quakers from New Jersey) lived in Pennsylvania at this time. He sends his cousin William Markham to America to act as his agent. He writes "Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania in America." His price for land is set at 100 pounds for 5000 acres and an annual quit-rent of a shilling for each 100 acres. He orders his manor of Pennsbury to be built in Bucks county, Pennsylvania. He writes to the Indians, asking for peaceful relations, acknowledging wrongs done them by previous European immigrants in other colonies. His instructions on dealing with the Indians: "Be tender of offending the Indians...To soften them to me, and the people, let them know you are come to sit down lovingly with them...Be grave, they like not to be smiled on." He issues instructions for the planning of Philadelphia which was to include "gardens or orchards or fields, that it may be a green country town, which will never be burnt and always be wholesome." In the spring of 1682 he writes his Frame of Government for Pennsylvania. He consults with Algernon Sidney and John Locke in drawing up his Frame. Sidney complains that Penn keeps too much power for himself and Locke that he gives too much to the people. Penn's Frame survives to become the model for most state governments in the United States, the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. In the preface Penn writes, "Government seems to me a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and end...And government is free to the people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws rule and the people are a party to those laws; and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion...As governments are made and moved by men, so by them they are ruined too. Wherefore governments rather depend upon men than men upon governments. Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad. If it be ill, they will cure it. But if men be bad, let the government be ever so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil it to their turn." The Frame includes religious liberty (it is intolerance that is unlawful), an assembly elected by the people to make the laws, trial by jury, and a penal system designed to reform, not merely to punish. There were only two capital crimes - murder and treason. He denies a request for a monopoly on the Indian trade in Pennsylvania.

30 August 1682 - he sails on the Welcome to Pennsylvania. Smallpox breaks out on board. Penn, who had already had the disease at age 3, administers to the sick. 31 of 100 passengers die. Penn lands at New Castle on 27 October (Delaware is also owned by Penn, and was at that time part of Pennsylvania), and begins a stint as Governor.

1682-1683 - He changes the name of Upland to Chester. He goes to the site of Philadelphia and lands at Dock Creek (site of George Guest's Blue Anchor tavern). He meets with the Indians and participates in foot races and athletic contests with them. He makes his headquarters a mile from Philadelphia in the home of Thomas Fairman at Shackamaxon. He modifies the plans for Philadelphia and orders that streets running north and south are numbered and those east and west named after trees. The main north-south street he names Broad and the main east-west street he names High (now Market St.). He buys the rest of New Jersey (with partners) from the Carteret estate. He meets with the Indians at Shackamaxon (Penn is named by them Onas, the pen). The treaty (written or unwritten) made that day endured until 1737 and the Walking Purchase, and a period of unusual harmony between European settlers and the Native Americans begins in Pennsylvania and Jersey (see. xroads.virginia.edu web page). He attempts to resolve a boundary dispute with Lord Baltimore and Maryland, but is not successful. Penn visits Friends' meetings in Maryland. Twenty-three ships arrive with passengers for colonization of Pennsylvania.

Spring 1683 - The Pennsylvania Assembly meets and adopts Penn's Frame as the "New Charter", modifying it slightly (the Governor's votes in the Council reduced from three to one). He declines to tax exports and imports for his benefit. In April, he moves to Pennsbury. He walks out the first part of the Walking Purchase with the Lenni Lenape, stopping to smoke a pipe and casually strolling for two days, claiming about 30 miles to the north (approximately the Bucks/Northampton county border, there was still a day to walk, but this was not done until 1737 - when Penn was dead, and his successors decided to run a relay race instead of walk). He makes a trip 120 miles into Indian Territory where it is said that he had picked up enough of their tongue to converse without an interpreter. He writes, "Let them have justice, and you win them."

August 20, 1683 - Thomas Lloyd and Francis Daniel Pastorius arrive on the "America", highly educated men who become friends of Penn's. On October 8, 34 German Quakers arrive on the "Concord" and found Germantown. Penn writes a letter describing the province of Pennsylvania in 1683.

1683-1684 - Algernon Sidney is executed for taking part in the Rye House plot. Penn concerned with his wife's health, the boundary dispute with Lord Baltimore, and worsening political situations in England, returns to England, embarking on 12 August, 1684. Thomas Lloyd is made President of the Council in Pennsylvania in his place. William Markham is made provincial Secretary, and James Harrison is left in charge of Pennsbury. He lands at Wonder in Sussex on 6 October, 1684.

6 Feb, 1685 - Charles II dies and the Duke of York takes the throne as James II.

1685 - The king declares himself a Roman Catholic. He puts down a rebellion by the Duke of Monmouth. Part of the boundary dispute (the Maryland/Delaware line) is resolved. Penn gets pardons from the king for John Locke and John Trenchard. He becomes known as an influential friend of the king.

March 1686 - the king issues a general pardon, and all religious prisoners are released, including 1300 Quakers. Penn visits William of Orange in Holland to inquire on the king's behalf about his views on religious liberty. Penn's expenditures on Pennsylvania are 3000 pounds greater than his income from Pennsylvania. Penn's family takes lodgings in the Holland House, Kensington.

Spring 1687 - James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence and suspends the laws against religious tolerance. The king is seen as usurping the authority of Parliament to pass laws.

Spring 1688 - James II places 7 bishops in the Tower, who are later acquitted and released.

November 1688 - William of Orange lands at Torbay in Devon. By December James II has fled to France and William and Mary are king and queen of England. William Penn is arrested as a friend of James', but is released on bail and acquitted.

1689 - Parliament passes the Act of Toleration, guaranteeing religious freedom in England (except that the Test Act remains in force). The William Penn Charter School is set up in Philadelphia with instructions to educate all, and charge according to ability to pay. George Keith is the first schoolmaster.

1690 - Penn is arrested for corresponding with James II. He is acquitted again. James II lands in Ireland. Penn is arrested under orders from Queen Mary. He was brought to trial, but nothing could be found against him.

13 January 1691 - George Fox dies in London. Penn speaks at his funeral. Penn goes into hiding just after the funeral and charged with treason. Quarrels over religion begin in Pennsylvania among the Quakers, partly stirred up by George Keith. In 1692, the king takes Pennsylvania from Penn and places it under the Governor of New York. He writes "Essay towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe." He is declared a traitor in Ireland and his estates forfeited to the crown. He writes "Some Fruits of Solitude." A quote from it: "there can be no friendship where there is no freedom. Friendship loves free air, and will not be penned up in straight and narrow enclosures. It will speak freely, and act so too; and take nothing ill, where no ill is meant...Choose a friend as thou chooses a wife, till death separate you."

30 November 1693 - Penn is exonerated, with the help of his friends including Henry Sidney, Lord Rochester, Lord Ranelagh and John Trenchard (now Secretary of State).

23 February 1694 - Gulielma Springett Penn dies.

1694 - He writes "A Brief Account of The Rise and Progress of the People Called Quakers."

August 1694 - Pennsylvania is returned to his authority. William Markham is Deputy-Governor of Pennsylvania in Penn's place. George Keith returns to England and becomes an episcopal minister.

5 March 1696 - He marries Hannah Callowhill, daughter of a Quaker, Bristol merchant.

1697 - Penn meets with Czar Peter the Great in London. The Czar attends Quaker meeting at Deptford.

1698 - He goes to Ireland with son William and Thomas Story, where some of his Irish estates had been reinstated to him. He preaches the Quaker doctrine in Ireland. Thomas Story leaves for America.

7 September 1699 Penn and his family go to Pennsylvania, accompanied by James Logan. They arrive in December. They stay at the home of Edward Shippen for a month. In the spring of 1700 the family removed to Pennsbury Manor. He visits Lord Baltimore. He visits the Indians at Conestoga. In 1701 the three slaves at Pennsbury are freed. Some, but not all Friends follow his example and free their slaves. Penn had by this time lost 20000 pounds on Pennsylvania.

1701 - a proposal to turn over the proprietary colonies to the crown, forces Penn to return to England, November 1701 on the 'Dalmahoy'. In September a new "Charter of Privileges" is passed by the Pennsylvania Assembly, much like the old one but with two important changes. The Assembly is allowed to propose new laws, not just vote on them (which before only the Governor's Council could do), and the Province and Territories (Delaware) were allowed to split their governments. He appointed Andrew Hamilton deputy-Governor in his stead, and James Logan became provincial Secretary of Council. Hamilton worked secretly against Penn with the Lords of Trade and Plantations. John Evans replaced Hamilton, after Hamilton dies, and is not a good deputy-Governor. A scholarly article on the politics leading to the new charter can be found HERE.

1702 - Queen Anne takes the throne, and is friendly to Penn. He unsuccessfully tries to save Daniel Defoe from the pillory.

His son William goes to Pennsylvania and engages in a tavern brawl with his friend deputy-Governor Evans against the night watch. Son William leaves the Society of Friends and takes up residence in France after the Friends criticize his behavior.

1707 - The Fords (Quakers of Bristol) foreclose on a loan to Penn and claim Pennsylvania.

Jan 1708 - He is arrested for non-payment of debt. He is freed in December 1708, after his friends and Callowhill in-laws negotiate a deal with the Fords.

1710 - Governor Charles Gookin is well liked in Pennsylvania, and a new Assembly is elected friendly to Penn. The Assembly passes laws that rights Penn's finances.

1711-1712. A law is passed that heavily taxes the importation of slaves (vetoed by the English Board of Trade). The Penns move to Ruscombe in Berkshire, and attend meeting in Reading.

1712 - Penn is stricken by paralysis, which affects his memory.

1718 - Penn dies and is buried at Jordans with Gulielma.

Text of William Penn's Advices to his children are on-line here: Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3. More links to his writing can be found at the Quaker Writings Home Page.  The texts for all of the early Charters of colonial Pennsylvania and New Jersey can be found at the Yale University Avalon site. A bibliography of books about William Penn can be found at xroads.virginia.edu. Another biography: William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace. A transcript of his trial in London is on-line at www.constitution.org. His imprisonment in the Tower is described elsewhere in this web site. Another brief biography with numerous links - http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml. And another: William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace . Finally, if you are tired of all the praise and want William Penn stripped of every good thing he ever did then you can view The Penn Family - Six Part Investigation into a family of Slavers, Traders & Thieves; Quakers & Anglicans; Colonialists, Royalists & Warmongers.

Quotations from William Penn

The essence of the man

I expect to pass through this world but once. Any good therefore that I can do, or any kindness or abilities that I can show to any fellow creature, let me do it now. Let me not defer it or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again.

Right is right, even if everyone is against it, and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it.

A good end cannot sanctify evil means; nor must we do evil, that good may come of it...To do evil that good may come of it is for bunglers in politics as well as morals. (From Some Fruits of Solitude)

Force may make hypocrites, but it can make no converts (letter to Lord Arlington, while imprisoned in the Tower). From the same place when offered freedom in exchange for an agreement to stop writing: " My prison shall be my grave before I move a jot; because I owe my conscience to no mortal men." (Wood, p. 13)

The humble, meek, merciful, just, pious and devout souls everywhere are of one religion and when death has taken off the mask, they will know one another, though the diverse liveries they wore here make them strangers.

There is a zeal without knowledge, that is superstition. there is a zeal against knowledge, that is interest or faction; there is a zeal with knowledge, that is religion; and if you will view the countries of cruelty, you will find them superstitious rather than religious. Religion is gentle, it makes men better, more friendly, loving and patient than before.

Did we believe a final Reckoning and Judgment; or did we think enough of what we do believe, we would allow more Love in Religion than we do; since Religion it self is nothing else but Love to God and Man. Love is indeed Heaven upon Earth; since Heaven above would not be Heaven without it: For where there is not Love; there is Fear: But perfect Love casts out Fear. Love is above all; and when it prevails in us all, we shall all be Lovely, and in Love with God and one with another.

These statements, now the commonly held beliefs of most Americans, were revolutionary in the late 1600s. They flow naturally from Penn's Quaker experience and beliefs.

Governments, like clocks, go from the motions men give them, and as governments are made and moved by men, so by them are they ruined too. Wherefore governments rather depend upon men than men upon governments. (From preface to the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, 1682)

It is certain that the most natural and human government is that of consent, for that binds freely, ... when men hold their liberty by true obedience to rules of their own making. (Towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe, 1693)

No people can be truly happy, though under the greatest enjoyments of civil liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Conscience as to their Religious Profession and Worship. (Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties, 1701)

If we will not be governed by God, we must be governed by tyrants.

Let the people think they Govern and they will be Govern'd. This cannot fail if Those they Trust, are Trusted. (From Some Fruits of Solitude)

By Liberty of Conscience, we understand not only a mere Liberty of the Mind ... but the excercise of ourselves in a visible way of worship, upon our believing it to be indispensably required at our hands, that if we neglect it for fear or favor of any mortal man, we sin, and incur divine wrath. (written in Newgate Prison, 1670)

It is great Wisdom in Princes of both sorts, not to strain Points too high with their people. For whether the People have a Right to oppose them or not, they are ever sure to attempt it when things are carried too far; though the Remedy oftentimes proves worse than the disease. (from Some Fruits of Solitude)

We meet on the broad pathway of good faith and good will; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love. (Addressed to the Leni-Lenape, 30 November 1682 at Shackamaxon)

Truth often suffers more by the heat of its defenders, than from the arguments of its opposers.Never marry but for love; but see that thou lovest what is lovely.Sexes make no Difference; since in Souls there is none...

Between a Man and his Wife nothing ought to rule but Love.Believe nothing against another but on good authority; and never report what may hurt another, unless it be a greater hurt to some other to conceal it.

If thou thinkest twice before thou speakest once, thou wilt speak twice the better for it.

Friendship is the union of spirits, a marriage of hearts, and the bond thereof virtue

There can be no friendship when there is no freedom; Friendship loves the free air, and will not be fenced up in straight and narrow enclosures.

Speak properly, and in as few words as you can, but always plainly, for the end of speech is not ostentation, but to be understood.

Equivocation is half way to lying and lying the whole way to hell.

Inquiry is human; blind obedience brutal. Truth never loses by the one but often suffers by the other.

He that has more Knowledge than Judgment, is made for another Man's use more than his own.

Fear and Gain are great Perverters of Mankind, and where either prevail, the Judgement [of God] is violated.

No pain, no palm; no thorns, no throne; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown.

Footnote 1.

The authorship of The Charter or Fundamental Laws of West New Jersey was attributed in a previous version of this web page to William Penn, but it likely he was only a contributor (his is the fourth signature on the document, signed by about 150 persons). This document has as its antecedent An Agreement of the Free People of England written by John Lilburne, William Walwyn, Thomas Prince and Richard Overton, the leaders of the Agitator movement in the New Model Army in 1649, which was an attempt to create a democratic Constitution for England. Lilburne, the Agitator movement's most known leader became a Quaker in the mid 1650s. Edward Billing (Byllinge), governor of West New Jersey, was likely the main writer of the West New Jersey Charter as can be seen by its similarity to a pamphlet Billing had written in 1659, entitled A Mite of Affection. Billing signs first on the New Jersey Charter. Billing and his partner in the West New Jersey venture, John Fenwick, had been members of the Agitator movement and served in the New Model Army during the English Civil War. Fenwick was likely another author of the Charter. Like Lilburne, both became Quakers. Penn's charter of Liberties in Pennsylvania can be seen as a descendant of both the Agitator constitution and the West New Jersey Charter. There is a large discussion on the Agitators (called Levellers by their opponents) and Edward Billing in The Levellers and the English Revolution by H. N. Brailsford, copyright 1961 by Stanford University Press and partially available on Google Books and from which this footnote is derived.

Lilburne preferred the name Agitator to Leveller. There was another movement, the Levellers, who had campaigned for communal ownership of property in the southeast of England at about the same time. The curious part is that their leader, Gerrard Winstanley also became a Friend, and his burial is recorded in the Westminster Monthly Meeting ,records in the 1670s.

See Founding of West Jersey for more on Penn and this colony.

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