{"id":3124644,"date":"2020-02-01T01:10:39","date_gmt":"2020-02-01T06:10:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/tenga-hadithi-ya-plessy-dhidi-ya-ferguson-na-safari-ya-amerika-kutoka-utumwa-hadi-kutengwa\/"},"modified":"2020-02-01T01:10:39","modified_gmt":"2020-02-01T06:10:39","slug":"tenga-hadithi-ya-plessy-dhidi-ya-ferguson-na-safari-ya-amerika-kutoka-utumwa-hadi-kutengwa","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/tenga-hadithi-ya-plessy-dhidi-ya-ferguson-na-safari-ya-amerika-kutoka-utumwa-hadi-kutengwa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tenga: Hadithi ya Plessy dhidi ya Ferguson, na Safari ya Amerika kutoka Utumwa hadi Kutengwa"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Na Steve Luxenberg. WW Norton & Company, 2019. Kurasa 624. $ 35 \/ jalada gumu; $ 19.95 \/ karatasi; $29.73\/Kitabu pepe. <\/i><\/b><\/h3>\nNunua kutoka kwa QuakerBooks<\/span><\/a>\n

Kitabu hiki ni historia ya wakati wa misukosuko katika nchi yetu na, kwa zaidi ya kurasa 600, moja kubwa wakati huo. Ni kazi kubwa iliyoje: kueleza jinsi taifa letu lilivyotoka utumwani hadi kwenye ubaguzi\u2014hadithi ambayo wengi wetu tunaamini kuwa tunaijua lakini hatujui. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ningeita hadithi hii kuwa ajali ya treni ya polepole ambayo inakulazimisha kutazama hata kujua mwisho wa kutisha. Hapana, zaidi kama janga la Kigiriki. Na bado, sio hivyo pia, kwa kuwa hakuna shujaa mmoja aliye na dosari mbaya kama vile wahusika kutoka Kaskazini na Kusini ambao waliishi nyakati za kabla, wakati, na baada ya Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe: wazuri na wenye dosari, na wenye tamaa na sio. Tofauti na historia nyingi, sio sauti zote ni za Wazungu. Wake na mabinti, watumwa na watu walioachwa huru wote huzungumza katika historia hii\u2014na sio tu kuhusu matukio makubwa lakini jinsi matukio hayo makubwa yanavyolingana na wakati mwingine kulemea kukua, kutafuta kazi, na kuanzisha familia. (Kumbuka kwamba, kama ni historia, kunaweza kuwa na lugha ambayo wengine wataona kuwa ya kuudhi, ambayo inapatikana kimsingi katika nukuu.) <\/span><\/p>\n

Masimulizi ya hadithi hii, kama ilivyoandikwa na<\/span>
\n Washington Post<\/span>
\n<\/i> mhariri Steve Luxenberg, analazimisha. Haandiki kama mwandishi wa habari lakini kama msimulizi wa hadithi, mtu ambaye anaweza kukufanya usome hadithi zake kwa masaa mengi. Anaandika hadithi za watu ambao walikuwa sehemu ya <\/span>Plessy dhidi ya Ferguson<\/span><\/i> 1896 Uamuzi wa Mahakama ya Juu, ambao uliunda uwongo wa kisheria wa ”tofauti lakini sawa” ambao uliunda sana utamaduni wa Merika katika karne ya ishirini. Machafuko ya Amerika ya kabla na baada ya Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe yanaonekana mbele ya macho yako. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kitabu kinaanza na orodha ya wahusika 13 wakuu. Ni watu ambao unaweza kuamini kuwa unawajua, kama vile Frederick Douglass, na wengine ambao huenda hujawahi kuwasikia, kama vile Daniel Desdunes, ambaye alikamatwa miezi kadhaa kabla ya Homer Plessy katika jaribio la kwanza la kuleta viti vilivyotengwa kwenye usafiri wa umma mahakamani. Desdunes, mwanamuziki mwenye ngozi nyepesi, kama Plessy na baadaye Rosa Parks, alichaguliwa kwa uangalifu kusisitiza kukaa kwenye gari la reli ya Wazungu pekee ili kusababisha kukamatwa na kesi mahakamani. Kupitia mfululizo wa matukio na uchanganuzi wa sheria kwa uangalifu, ”alishinda” kesi yake ya shirikisho, lakini ulikuwa ushindi wa udanganyifu, kwani sheria za serikali zinazounga mkono usafiri uliotengwa bado zilikuwepo baada ya vumbi kutulia. <\/span><\/p>\n

”Kama vile watu walivyofagia katika kesi, hadithi ya<\/span>
\n Plessy<\/span>
\n<\/i> si rahisi wala si rahisi,\u201d Luxenberg aonya katika utangulizi wake: \u201cInaenea na nyoka katika karibu karne moja ya historia ya Marekani, kuanzia mwanzoni mwa enzi ya reli katika Kaskazini, ikimea katika udongo wa utumwa na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe. . . na kisha ikazuka mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na tisa huku utengano ulipokita mizizi katika karibu kila nyanja ya maisha ya Waamerika.\u201d Hadithi inaanza kwenye gari la moshi huko Massachusetts mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1830 na wakomeshaji wanaodai kufukuzwa kwa makochi tofauti ya ”Jim Crow” kwa abiria wa rangi, hii ilikuwa matumizi ya mapema ya kifungu ambacho baadaye kilielezea sheria za ubaguzi wa rangi zilizoelekezwa dhidi ya watu Weusi. Creoles ambao walikuwa na mali na hadhi walikuwa hatua kwa hatua kupoteza haki zao Kisha huenda nyuma hadi New York ambapo, tangu chini ya <\/span>Uamuzi wa
\n Dred Scott<\/span>
\n<\/i> Watu weusi hawakuwa raia na hawakuweza kutumika katika jeshi, ni Wazungu maskini tu ambao hawakuweza kumudu kuchukua nafasi yao ndio waliandaliwa\u2014mpaka wakafanya ghasia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hii pia ni historia ya sheria katika mabunge, miji na mahakama: mvuto kati ya haki za kibinafsi na za umma, kati ya haki za shirikisho na haki za serikali. Kuanzia na uamuzi kwamba kampuni za reli za kibinafsi zinaweza kutunga sheria zinazotaka, kwa uamuzi <\/span>
\n Dred Scott<\/span>
\n<\/i> kwamba hakuna mtu Mweusi anayeweza kuwa raia, huru au la, na hatimaye kwa<\/span>
\n Plessy<\/span>
\n<\/i> uamuzi wenyewe wa ”tofauti lakini sawa,” Luxenberg hutoa hadithi kuhusu sio tu sheria, lakini pia watu wanaounda, kutekeleza, na changamoto. Shujaa halisi wa hadithi kwangu ni Jaji wa Mahakama ya Juu John Marshall Harlan, Mwana wa Kusini na mwana wa mtumwa wa Kentucky, ambaye aliona ukweli ambao wenzake wa Kaskazini hawakuelewa katika maisha yao yaliyohifadhiwa. Walijiaminisha kwamba \u201ckujitenga lakini sawa\u201d kuliwezekana. Harlan alikuwa ameona vinginevyo. Kama mpinzani pekee, Harlan aliandika, \u201cKwa maoni yangu, hukumu iliyotolewa siku hii, baada ya muda, itathibitika kuwa mbaya kama uamuzi uliotolewa na mahakama hii katika <\/span>Kesi ya
\n Dred Scott<\/span>
\n<\/i> .”<\/span><\/p>\n

Cha kusikitisha ni kwamba alikuwa sahihi sana. Luxenberg anaelezea: <\/span><\/p>\n

Utawala katika<\/span>
\n Plessy<\/span>
\n<\/i> ilivutia umakini mdogo wakati huo, lakini athari zake mbaya zilidumu kwa muda mrefu kuliko uamuzi mwingine wowote wa haki za kiraia katika historia ya Amerika. Ilitoa bima ya kisheria kwa mfululizo wa sheria za kibaguzi unaozidi kuharibika katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya ishirini. Chini ya bendera ya kuweka mbio kando, sehemu kubwa ya Waamerika weupe walisimama kimya huku Waamerika weusi wakipata vipigo, kushambuliwa na mauaji. . . . Utamaduni huu wa unyanyasaji ulisitawi, kimsingi lakini sio pekee Kusini, kwa sababu baadhi ya wafuasi wa utengano walikubali dhana iliyopotoka kwamba kutekeleza sheria za utengano wa rangi kulikuwa na kipaumbele cha juu kuliko uhuru, haki, haki, au fursa.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kitabu hiki, katika mambo mengi, kinaonyesha na kuangazia msukosuko tunaopitia leo: ya kutisha na ngumu kutabiri inakoelekea, lakini ikiibua matarajio ya ajali hiyo hiyo ya mwendo wa polepole ya hofu ambayo inaweza kuja.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni usomaji wa kuvutia, na nitaisoma tena.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5090,"featured_media":3083138,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[9920,10010],"fpb_issue_category":[10264],"class_list":["post-3124644","fpb_book","type-fpb_book","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mapitio-ya-kitabu-cha-quaker","category-ukaguzi-wa-vitabu-wa-februari-2020","fpb_issue_category-februari-2020"],"yoast_head":"\nTenga: Hadithi ya Plessy dhidi ya Ferguson, na Safari ya Amerika kutoka Utumwa hadi Kutengwa - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/tenga-hadithi-ya-plessy-dhidi-ya-ferguson-na-safari-ya-amerika-kutoka-utumwa-hadi-kutengwa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tenga: Hadithi ya Plessy dhidi ya Ferguson, na Safari ya Amerika kutoka Utumwa hadi Kutengwa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Na Steve Luxenberg. WW Norton & Company, 2019. Kurasa 624. $ 35 \/ jalada gumu; $ 19.95 \/ karatasi; $29.73\/Kitabu pepe.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/tenga-hadithi-ya-plessy-dhidi-ya-ferguson-na-safari-ya-amerika-kutoka-utumwa-hadi-kutengwa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Friends Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/friendsjournal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Separate-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"738\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Tenga: Hadithi ya Plessy dhidi ya Ferguson, na Safari ya Amerika kutoka Utumwa hadi Kutengwa na Steve Luxenberg.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@friendsournal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/book\\\/tenga-hadithi-ya-plessy-dhidi-ya-ferguson-na-safari-ya-amerika-kutoka-utumwa-hadi-kutengwa\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/book\\\/tenga-hadithi-ya-plessy-dhidi-ya-ferguson-na-safari-ya-amerika-kutoka-utumwa-hadi-kutengwa\\\/\",\"name\":\"Tenga: Hadithi ya Plessy dhidi ya Ferguson, na Safari ya Amerika kutoka Utumwa hadi Kutengwa - 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