{"id":3124823,"date":"2020-01-01T01:55:36","date_gmt":"2020-01-01T06:55:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/quakers-kusoma-mystics\/"},"modified":"2020-01-01T01:55:36","modified_gmt":"2020-01-01T06:55:36","slug":"quakers-kusoma-mystics","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/quakers-kusoma-mystics\/","title":{"rendered":"Quakers Kusoma Mystics"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Na Michael Birkel. Brill, 2018. Kurasa 124. $ 81 \/ karatasi au eBook; $30\/kifungu. Iliyochapishwa wakati huo huo kama toleo la 1.2 (2018) la <\/i><\/b>Mafunzo ya Quaker<\/b>
\n .<\/i>
\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Uhusiano wa Quakerism na mysticism ni swali linalosumbua. Hisia kwa hakika imeenea kwamba Quakerism ni aina ya fumbo, na kwa hiyo hufikia kiwango cha ukweli ambapo mafundisho na madhehebu hupoteza umuhimu wao. Wanaotafakari hushiriki uzoefu sawa. Mtazamo wa Quakerism kama fumbo umeonekana kama ukombozi, kwani unawezesha muunganisho wa ulimwengu wote kati ya wale wote wanaomtafuta na kumpata Yule Asiyeelezeka. <\/span><\/p>\n

Bado wanahistoria na wanatheolojia wengi wamekataa nasaba hii, wakijadili ufafanuzi wa fumbo au kuleta ushahidi mwingine wa kihistoria kubeba asili ya Quakerism. Mjadala unaendelea, lakini utafiti mdogo wa Michael Birkel hukuruhusu kujitenga na vita vya vitabu na kujifunza mengi kuhusu uhusiano wa Marafiki na watu wa ajabu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ni kweli bila ubishi kwamba tangu mwanzo wa vuguvugu hilo, Marafiki wengi wamepata faraja, mafundisho, na ushirika wa kiroho katika maandishi ya mafumbo yasiyo ya Quaker. Ukweli huu wa uzoefu wa kibinafsi ni uwanja wa uchunguzi wa Birkel. Anaelezea jozi kadhaa zilizorekodiwa au zinazowezekana za Quaker na fumbo, na huakisi jinsi Marafiki wangeweza kuwapokea na kuwathamini. Kwa sababu hii kimsingi inahusu usomaji wa kiroho (uzoefu wa kina wa kibinafsi ambao unaweza kufuatiliwa au hauwezekani kufuatiliwa katika rekodi ya hali halisi), kazi ambayo Birkel amejiwekea\u2014anaiita \u201cjaribio la kusoma na kupokea\u201d\u2014imehitaji \u201cmawazo yenye ujuzi na yenye nidhamu,\u201d na hii inafanya kuwa kukutana kwa furaha na changamoto na Birkel mwenyewe pamoja na waandishi anaojadiliana nao. <\/span><\/p>\n

Birkel ni mgunduzi mahiri wa jamaa na miunganisho katika mipaka ya kitheolojia; tafiti zake za hivi karibuni zimechunguza athari za Kabbalah kwa Marafiki wa mwanzo, kufanana na tofauti kati ya George Fox na Augustine wa Hippo, ulimwengu wa Jacob Boehme, na mazungumzo kuhusu kusoma Qur’ani. Anaonyesha upole wa roho na akili kali ya kuchambua na pia kufahamiana kwa upana sana na mambo ya kiroho ya kutafakari, Quaker na vinginevyo. <\/span><\/p>\n

Jozi ambazo Birkel amechagua ni: Robert Barclay na John Cassian; Sarah Lynes Grubb na Madame Jeanne Guyon; Caroline Stephen na Johannes Tauler; Rufus Jones na Jacob Boehme; na Teresina Havens na mafumbo ya Kibudha. Katika kila kisa, tumepewa wasifu mfupi na mchoro wa wahusika wa Quaker, na utangulizi sambamba wa fumbo lisilo la Quaker. Birkel anaelezea uhusiano kati ya hizo mbili, na kisha anachambua na kutafakari juu ya kile Quaker aliona (au anaweza kuwa ameona) katika wasio Quaker. Ushahidi wa jozi za Barclay-Cassian na Stephen-Tauler ni wa hali ya juu; kila Quaker alipata fursa ya kusoma ”zao” za fumbo, na Birkel hutambua miadi ya neno na wazo ambalo hualika uchunguzi lakini hawezi kufahamu uhusiano huo. Waziri wa Utulivu Sarah Lynes Grubb mara kadhaa anarejelea maandishi ya Guyon, yaliyotafsiriwa na Quakers kwa Kiingereza (na kuchapishwa na Marafiki hadi nyakati zetu). Grubb alielewa kutokana na uzoefu wake mwenyewe mafundisho ya Guyon kuhusu kujinyima na kuishi chini ya Msalaba, pamoja na mfano wa Guyon kama mwanamke mwingine asiye na woga katika huduma. <\/span><\/p>\n

Usomaji wa kina wa Rufus Jones wa Boehme umeandikwa kwa wingi, na Birkel anachunguza jinsi alivyojibu kwa uchangamfu kwa usemi wa Boehme mkali na usio na ujuzi wa uzoefu wa ndani, hata kama alileta mafunzo yake ya kisaikolojia na kihistoria katika kuonyesha mapungufu ya Boehme kama mwongozo wa kiroho.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hatimaye, Birkel anamchunguza Teresina Rowell Havens akiwa Quaker na Mbudha, na \u201cmsisitizo wake usiokoma kwamba mazungumzo kati ya dini mbalimbali yasifiche tofauti zao katika mchanganyiko fulani usioeleweka.                          <\/span><\/p>\n

Birkel yuko macho kuona njia ambazo msomaji wa Quaker alitafsiri, au hata ”Quakerized” fumbo lililochaguliwa. Kwa upande mmoja, kuna ushiriki wa kina wa Jones na mtazamo wa ulimwengu wa baroque wa Boehme-tunaona Boehme kama ”proto-Quaker”; ya Boehme kama \u201cRufite,\u201d wakati Rufus anaonekana kuona katika maandishi ya Boehme baadhi ya ufahamu wake mwenyewe na kukutana na uzoefu wa fumbo. Kisha kuna Boehme Mprotestanti huria, na George Fox Mboehmeni. Kinyume chake, Teresina Havens alifahamu sana hatari za ujengaji daraja kwa urahisi kati ya mila; Akaunti ya Birkel juu yake <\/span>
\n Majaribio ya Kibuddha na Quaker na Ukweli<\/span>
\n<\/i> yanaonyesha jinsi Havens huinua mahali ambapo mila hizi mbili zinaweza kuwa na kitu cha kusema kwa kila mmoja, lakini hupinga kishawishi cha kurahisisha kupita kiasi au kufanya miunganisho rahisi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maneno ya Birkel yaliweka masharti ya mazungumzo:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ilihitaji kiwango cha ajabu cha ukarimu wa kiroho kwa kila mmoja wa waandishi hawa wa Quaker kuburudisha ulimwengu wa mawazo wa kila mmoja wa waandishi hawa wasio wa Quaker. Ijapokuwa wale wa kwanza hatimaye walihisi mshikamano wenye nguvu na hata undugu wa kiroho na uzoefu wa ndani kabisa wa maisha ya baadaye, matukio hayo yanahusiana katika muktadha wa matambiko na ishara ambayo yalikuwa mageni kwa msomaji wa Quaker. Ni katika roho hiyo ya ukarimu ambapo kazi hii inaandikwa, na msomaji anaalikwa kuzingatia vivyo hivyo. <\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"author":5090,"featured_media":3082996,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[10007,9920],"fpb_issue_category":[10263],"class_list":["post-3124823","fpb_book","type-fpb_book","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-maoni-ya-vitabu-ya-januari-2020","category-mapitio-ya-kitabu-cha-quaker","fpb_issue_category-madawa-ya-kulevya"],"yoast_head":"\nQuakers Kusoma Mystics - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/quakers-kusoma-mystics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quakers Kusoma Mystics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Na Michael Birkel. 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