{"id":3125696,"date":"2018-08-01T01:10:46","date_gmt":"2018-08-01T05:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/maana-ya-imani-dini-kutoka-kwa-mtazamo-wa-atheist\/"},"modified":"2018-08-01T01:10:46","modified_gmt":"2018-08-01T05:10:46","slug":"maana-ya-imani-dini-kutoka-kwa-mtazamo-wa-atheist","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/maana-ya-imani-dini-kutoka-kwa-mtazamo-wa-atheist\/","title":{"rendered":"Maana ya Imani: Dini kutoka kwa Mtazamo wa Atheist"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Na Tim Crane. Harvard University Press, 2017. Kurasa 224. $24.95\/jalada gumu au Kitabu pepe. <\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n

Nunua kutoka kwa QuakerBooks<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n

”Sikuamini \/ Ulikuwa na kitu kibaya kabisa \/ Yeye sio aina [ya Mungu] unayelazimika kumaliza Jumapili.” – Jethro Tull<\/span><\/p>\n

Charles Taylor aliuliza (katika<\/span>
\n Enzi ya Kidunia<\/span>
\n<\/i>) \u201cKwa nini ilikuwa ni jambo lisilowezekana kabisa kutomwamini Mungu, tuseme, 1500 katika jamii yetu ya Magharibi, huku mwaka wa 2000 wengi wetu wanaona hili si rahisi tu, bali hata haliwezi kuepukika?\u201d Watu ambao wamesikitishwa na maendeleo haya huona sababu mbalimbali. Watu wanaopongeza vuguvugu la kujitenga na dini pia wana akaunti zao wanazopendelea. Wengi wa hawa, haswa wasomi wenye misimamo mikali zaidi kama vile Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, na Steven Pinker, wanatoa hoja zao juu ya maelezo ya uzoefu wa kidini ambayo yanaonekana kutojua kabisa\u2014kupigana dhidi ya watu wa nyasi na miungu ya majani, kwa kusema. Tim Crane, mtu asiyeamini kuwa kuna Mungu, ni mwanafalsafa ambaye ameamua kutoanza na mfumo sahili wa kuchafua dini, bali kuuchunguza kwa njia ambayo haileti msimamo wake wa kutokuamini Mungu, wala kurahisisha kile anachoita \u201cmsukumo wa kidini.\u201d Matokeo yake ni kitabu ambacho ninaweza kupendekeza kwa waamini wanaotafuta na wale wasioamini katika mikutano yetu kama mshirika mwenye mawazo zaidi na kwa hiyo mwenye elimu zaidi kwa kazi ya kuelewana. <\/span><\/p>\n

Crane anaonyesha kwamba wengi wa ukosoaji wa kisasa wa wasioamini kuwa kuna Mungu huchukulia kwamba kiini cha dini ni katika kuweka kiumbe kisicho cha kawaida, dhana ambayo madai mengine yasiyo na mantiki na yasiyo ya msingi yanafanywa, mara nyingi kama matokeo ya mapokeo, na kudumishwa kwa kufundishwa kwa vijana na njia zingine. Siku zote nimehisi kwamba msimamo huu wa jumla hauhusiani kabisa na uzoefu wangu mwenyewe wa dini, na inaonekana kimsingi iliyoundwa kama shabaha rahisi ya kushambuliwa. Lengo basi linaonekana kuwa kwamba unachohitaji kufanya ili kuwafanya watu waachane na mtazamo wao wa ulimwengu usio na mantiki, wa Umri wa Shaba ni kueleza tu jinsi ulivyo usio na akili, na ni matokeo gani mabaya ambayo imekuwa nayo. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kwa kuchukua takriban mkabala sawa na ule wa William James, Crane anadhania kwamba jambo fulani ngumu zaidi na la hila linaendelea, na kwamba utungaji wowote, unaohitajika kwa madhumuni ya kutafakari na kufikiri, lazima utambue kwamba ”dini” haiwezi kufafanuliwa kama pendekezo, wala msingi wa ”dhahania,” katika maana ya kisayansi. Anaelezea mtazamo wake: <\/span><\/p>\n

Kitabu hiki. . . hutofautiana na baadhi ya maandishi ya hivi majuzi ya wasioamini kuwa kuna Mungu kwa njia mbili. Kwanza, si kuhusu ukweli wa imani ya kidini bali kuhusu maana yake: maana ya kuamini mawazo ya kidini, maana yake kwa waumini, na kile inachopaswa kumaanisha kwa wasioamini pia. . . . Pili, inatofautiana na imani ya hivi majuzi ya kutokuwepo kwa Mungu katika picha ya dini inayochora. . . . Ingawa nadhani kuna mambo ya ulimwengu na maadili katika imani ya kidini, ninakataa kupunguzwa kwa imani ya kidini kwa mojawapo yao, au hata kwa mchanganyiko wao. . . . Tutashindwa kuelewa jambo hili la kimsingi la kibinadamu ikiwa tutajaribu kulilazimisha katika kategoria hizi za awali.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bado, Crane lazima ifafanue sababu za uchunguzi wake. Anaweka vipengele vinne muhimu vya ”msukumo wa kidini,” na ni mjadala wake juu ya haya ambayo nadhani yangefaa sana katika kutafakari binafsi au majadiliano ya mkutano: <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Dini ni ya utaratibu: Dini yako inahusisha idadi ya mawazo, mazoea, mitazamo, masimulizi, mafumbo\u2014uwanja tajiri wa nyenzo za mfano\u2014ambazo hufanyiza kitambaa. Zaidi ya hayo, kama Crane inavyoonyesha, muundo wa kidini wa watu wengi hutoa nyenzo za kufasiri na kusahihishwa ili kuakisi nyakati mpya, changamoto mpya, usikivu mpya wa maadili au changamoto zingine. <\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Dini ni ya vitendo: Inakusudiwa kuunda maisha, maamuzi, na matendo ya mtu\u2014kwanza akiwa mshiriki wa kikundi, na pili kuhusiana na wale walio nje ya kundi. Ningesema kwamba hapa ni mahali pa msingi ambapo mtu wa kidini anajijumuisha katika masimulizi ya kidini ambayo anajihusisha nayo. <\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Dini ni jaribio la kutafuta maana (na, ningeongeza, njia ya kufanya hivyo). Anasema kwamba, ingawa ”maana” inaweza kutoka kwa vyanzo vingi tofauti, msukumo wa kidini ni wa jumla, ambao unaweza kufafanuliwa (hapa anamnukuu mwanafalsafa Thomas Nagel): ”Mtu anawezaje kuleta katika maisha ya mtu binafsi utambuzi kamili wa uhusiano wake na ulimwengu kwa ujumla?” <\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Dini inawavutia waliovuka mipaka. Crane adokeza kwamba jambo hili halihitaji kuwa (kwa hakika mara nyingi si) rufaa kwa Mungu, mungu, wala \u201ckiumbe chochote kisicho cha kawaida\u201d; badala yake, ”Mungu” ni neno linalotumiwa mara nyingi ambalo kwa kweli huweka tu uzoefu wa kile kinachopita upeo wetu wa kibinafsi na kwa maana fulani kukumbatia yote. Crane anasema (akifuata \u00c9mile Durkheim) kwamba kwa watu wengi wa kidini, ”kiungu cha asili” haifai, kwa kuwa hiyo inamaanisha upinzani au utengano kati ya Aliyepita Asili na Asiyeishi\u2014mvutano ambayo Marafiki wanaifahamu vyema kimaisha. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ikichukua hizi pamoja, Crane adokeza kwamba \u201cdini ni jaribio la kimfumo, la vitendo la kujipatanisha na lile lipitalo maumbile.\u201d Si muundo wa kiakili, bali ni mwitikio wa nafsi nzima, ambao unaweza kuwa na vipengele vya kiakili na vile vile vya kihisia, uzuri na maadili: moyo, nafsi, nguvu, na akili (Marko 12:30). <\/span><\/p>\n

    Kisha anaendelea kuchunguza matokeo ya msukumo huu kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa utambulisho wetu, na kisha katika uzingatiaji uliopanuliwa na wa wazi wa ”kesi” iliyofanywa na watu wengi wasioamini kuwa Mungu ni uovu (hasa vita na vurugu sawa) huwakilisha matokeo ya kutokuwa na akili. Na kwa vile katika uchanganuzi wao dini asili yake haina mantiki, kwa hiyo ni jambo rahisi kudhihirisha uhusiano wa sababu kati ya dini na vita. Crane asema, \u201cUkweli ulio wazi ni kwamba watu wenye usawaziko, wenye akili timamu, walioelimika, na wenye ujuzi wanaweza kuwa waovu na wakatili; watu wajinga, wasio na akili wanaweza kuwa wazuri na wenye fadhili. Na kinyume chake.\u201d Siwezi kutoa tena hoja zake zote hapa, lakini inafaa kujihusisha na akili\u2014hasa kwa kuzingatia madai ya kitamaduni ya Quakerism kuhusu mbegu za vita, na kazi ya Kristo kututoa katika roho ambayo vita hutoka. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Katika sura yake ya mwisho, Crane anatetea ustahimilivu wa dini kwa wasiokuwa wa kidini, na kinyume chake\u2014akikubali kwamba dini katika mifumo yake ya aina mbalimbali ni kipengele endelevu cha maisha ya binadamu, ingawa haipendelei, katika mabadilishano ya vyama vya kiraia: \u201cWazo kwamba maoni au maoni yote yanastahili kuheshimiwa ni uongo kabisa. <\/span>
    \n watu<\/span>
    \n<\/i> , badala ya maoni yao, wanastahili heshima.\u201d Anahitimisha kwa \u201cMtazamo wowote kuhusu jinsi watu wasioamini Mungu na waamini wanavyopaswa kuishi pamoja na kuingiliana lazima hatimaye kukabiliana na ukweli kwamba hakuna dini wala secularism itatoweka. . . . tunaweza kutumaini aina ya mazungumzo kati ya wale ambao wana maoni tofauti sana ya ukweli. . . . [T]hatua yake ya kwanza lazima iwe kwa kila upande kupata uelewa wa kutosha wa maoni ya mwingine.”<\/span><\/p>\n

    Katika mojawapo ya changamoto ninazozipenda kutoka katika Zaburi, Mungu anasema, \u201cUlidhani ya kuwa mimi ni mtu kama wewe mwenyewe.\u201d Uchunguzi wa kifalsafa unaofikiwa na Crane unawakilisha mshirika anayesaidia katika ujenzi wa mijadala kama hii, kuanzia jinsi inavyofanya kutoka kwa ahadi ya kutoichukulia kawaida kwamba tunajua jinsi wengine wanavyoishi katika ulimwengu wao, kuuliza maswali magumu, na kusikiliza majibu yanapokuja. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3080739,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[9920,9988],"fpb_issue_category":[10242],"class_list":["post-3125696","fpb_book","type-fpb_book","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mapitio-ya-kitabu-cha-quaker","category-vitabu-vya-agosti-2018","fpb_issue_category-kwenda-virusi-na-quakerism"],"yoast_head":"\nMaana ya Imani: Dini kutoka kwa Mtazamo wa Atheist - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/maana-ya-imani-dini-kutoka-kwa-mtazamo-wa-atheist\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Maana ya Imani: Dini kutoka kwa Mtazamo wa Atheist\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Na Tim Crane. 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