{"id":3126283,"date":"2017-01-01T00:30:41","date_gmt":"2017-01-01T05:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/majibu-ya-kidini-kwa-vurugu-haki-za-kibinadamu-katika-amerika-ya-kusini-zamani-na-sasa\/"},"modified":"2017-01-01T00:30:41","modified_gmt":"2017-01-01T05:30:41","slug":"majibu-ya-kidini-kwa-vurugu-haki-za-kibinadamu-katika-amerika-ya-kusini-zamani-na-sasa","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/majibu-ya-kidini-kwa-vurugu-haki-za-kibinadamu-katika-amerika-ya-kusini-zamani-na-sasa\/","title":{"rendered":"Majibu ya Kidini kwa Vurugu: Haki za Kibinadamu katika Amerika ya Kusini Zamani na Sasa"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"mwitikioImeandaliwa na Alexander Wilde. Chuo Kikuu cha Notre Dame Press, 2015. Kurasa 498. $ 49 \/ karatasi; Kitabu pepe cha $7\/30 cha siku. <\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n

Nunua kutoka kwa QuakerBooks<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n

Kwa miaka mingi nikiwa mtafiti ndani na huko Brazili, nilikutana na mamia ya wanaharakati wa haki za binadamu\u2014makasisi, watawa, watu wa kawaida Wakatoliki na Waprotestanti, mawakili, maskini wa mijini na mashambani, wanaharakati wa vyama vya wafanyakazi, na watu wa kiasili\u2014ambao walijikuta wameingia katika mapambano ya haki ya kijamii, kimazingira, na kiuchumi. Kupitia uzoefu wangu huko nilifyonza ethos na itikadi ya haki za binadamu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tangu nilipoacha kufanya utafiti nchini Brazili mwaka wa 2005, nimetoa muda na nguvu zangu katika masuala ya uhamiaji wa kimataifa. Lakini sijaacha haki za binadamu nyuma. Kupenyeza kila kitu ninachofanya na kufikiria, ni dini yangu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Niliposikia kuhusu kitabu kipya cha Alexander Wilde,<\/span>
\n Majibu ya Kidini kwa Vurugu: Haki za Kibinadamu katika Amerika ya Kusini Zamani na Sasa.<\/span>
\n<\/i>, nilihisi kulazimika kuisoma. Alikuwa amenitia moyo kufanya kazi katika shirika la Amnesty International mwaka wa 1990. Hivyo nikaja kuamini na kufuata dini ya haki za binadamu kwa usadikisho na uhakika. Nilitarajia kitabu chake kingenisaidia kuelewa ukubwa na umuhimu wa harakati nilizoshuhudia na kushiriki kwa karibu miaka 30. <\/span><\/p>\n

Majibu ya Kidini kwa Ukatili<\/span><\/i> ina sura 15 za wataalamu wa Argentina, Brazili, Amerika ya Kati, Chile, Kolombia, Meksiko, na Peru. Zinaangazia historia ya Amerika ya Kusini kutoka katikati ya karne ya ishirini hadi sasa-takriban kutoka Vatikani II hadi Papa Francisko na kutoka maendeleo ya awali ya makanisa ya Kiinjili hadi umaarufu wao wa sasa katika jumuiya na siasa. <\/span><\/p>\n

Katika utangulizi wake, Wilde anaonyesha kwamba kuanzia miaka ya 1960 hadi 1980 Kanisa Katoliki lilikuwa ”mhusika mkuu wa kisiasa,” na vurugu zilionekana kuwa za kisiasa. Nyingi za fasihi za kitaaluma kuhusu dini ya Amerika Kusini zilizingatia upinzani wa Wakatoliki dhidi ya ukandamizaji wa serikali. Katika miaka ya 1980, theolojia ya ukombozi ilitoa nafasi kwa haki za binadamu kama msingi wa kiitikadi wa matendo ya kidini. Ni katika kipindi cha miaka 20 tu ambapo wasomi wametilia maanani harakati za Kiinjili kwa kuwa wamepata mamilioni ya wafuasi na kupinga utawala wa Kikatoliki katika bara zima. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni ghasia zimeibuka, pia, kwani watendaji wasio wa serikali, wakiwemo mafia wahalifu, magenge ya vijana, na walanguzi wa binadamu na madawa ya kulevya, wameiweka serikali kando. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mabadiliko haya muhimu yalizua maswali mengi makubwa kwa waandishi wa kitabu hiki: Ni kwa jinsi gani na kwa nini majibu ya kidini kwa vurugu yalibadilika au kutobadilika? Je, ni mambo gani makuu yanayochochea hatua za kijamii zenye kujenga za vikundi vya kidini? Je, asili ya unyanyasaji imebadilika kwa muda gani? Ni chini ya hali gani majibu ya kidini yana athari kubwa zaidi? <\/span><\/p>\n

Takriban kurasa 500 zenye urefu, kitabu hicho kinajumuisha hoja tata za kihistoria na kijamii za waandishi ambao wana ujuzi wa karibu na nchi wanazochanganua. Hadithi za watu na vikundi mbalimbali, kuanzia wanasheria na wachungaji hadi wafanyakazi wa mashambani na wakimbizi, zinaleta nadharia hiyo duniani, ambapo watu wa kawaida wanapambana dhidi ya vikwazo vyenye nguvu, mara nyingi vya kuua kwa haki ya kuishi kwa amani. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kama waandishi wanavyosema, wanaharakati wa ngazi za chini na viongozi wa kanisa wametumia imani za haki za binadamu kukabiliana na matatizo ya maisha na kifo, kwanza kwa kupinga mamlaka ya serikali kandamizi na kisha kukabiliana na ”vurugu kali” ya jumla ambayo inatishia jamii zao. Matumaini hutoka kwa watu wa kawaida wanaotafuta kuunda njia mbadala za unyanyasaji kwa kutumia maadili ya kidini na kimaadili kwa maisha ya kila siku. Viongozi wa dini hufuatana nao. Mawazo na mazoea mapya ya kidini yanashika kasi. Utekelezaji wa mamlaka ya kidini hubadilika kulingana na hali za sasa. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kitabu kinatoa mifano miwili ya mageuzi haya huko Brazil. Katika ”Dini Hukutana na Mkakati wa Kisheria,” Rafael Queiroz, profesa wa sheria, anasimulia historia ya <\/span>Brasil: Nunca Mais (Brazil: Kamwe Tena)<\/span><\/i>. Kitabu hiki kilichotolewa kwa siri chini ya mamlaka ya polisi na kijeshi, kilikuwa ushirikiano wa kishujaa kati ya maaskofu wa Brazili na wanasheria ambao uliandika utumizi wa utaratibu wa udikteta wa mateso katika kipindi cha miaka 20.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maaskofu na wanasheria wa Brazili waliposhutumu ubabe wa kupita kiasi na kuwatetea wahasiriwa wake, walijiunga na wale walioteswa. Mkutano wa kitaifa wa maaskofu na chama cha wanasheria walitumia lugha ya haki za binadamu kupata uungwaji mkono wa kimataifa. Shinikizo la kimataifa na uhamasishaji wa kujitolea, usio na jeuri ndani ya Brazili ulisaidia kukomesha udikteta katika 1985. Kwa miaka mingi Kanisa Katoliki lilianzisha mashirika ya wachungaji ambayo bado yanafanya kazi na wanasheria kutetea haki za binadamu za wafanyakazi, watu wasio na ardhi, watoto wa mitaani, wafungwa, na makundi mengine yaliyotengwa. <\/span><\/p>\n

Katika insha ”Siasa za Uwepo,” Andrew Johnson anaelezea jukumu la wachungaji wa Kiinjili katika kuboresha hali katika magereza ya Brazili. Anaripoti kwamba \u201cchaguo la Wapentekoste ku <\/span>
\n kuwa kuna<\/span>
\n<\/i> kitendo cha kisiasa.” Kwa sababu hiyo, wafungwa wanawatendea wachungaji wa Kipentekoste kwa heshima katika kila gereza la Rio de Janeiro Wapentekoste Wanaoendelea \u201cwako mstari wa mbele wa jitihada za kushughulikia matokeo ya umaskini, vita, uraibu wa dawa za kulevya\u201d na matatizo mengine ya kijamii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wachungaji wanazingatia kusaidia wafungwa binafsi na wakaazi wa jamii. Wanawaita wafungwa \u201cndugu\u201d na kukiri utu wao wa kimsingi katika jamii inayowachukulia kuwa watu wa chini ya kibinadamu. Johnson anasisitiza kuwa utendeaji wao mzuri kwa wafungwa unaharibu utaratibu wa kijamii. <\/span><\/p>\n

Inafaa kulinganisha tabia yake ya wachungaji wa Kiinjili na taswira ya Queiroz ya makasisi wa Kikatoliki ambao waliwasaidia wapinzani na ”magaidi” wakati wa udikteta wa kijeshi. Wote wawili walitenda kwa upendo usio na masharti na hisani, usawa wa wanadamu wote mbele ya Mungu, nuru ya ndani inayompa kila mtu thamani na heshima. Imani hizi za kidini zinajumuisha sehemu ya msingi wa haki za binadamu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Insha kama hizo zilinisaidia kuelewa ukuzaji wa itikadi ya haki za binadamu iliyochochewa na imani katika nchi nyingi za Amerika ya Kusini, kuanzia katikati ya karne ya ishirini hadi sasa. Waliniwezesha kuweka uzoefu wangu binafsi katika mtazamo wa kihistoria\u2014kukumbuka kwamba nilikuwa na niko sehemu ya mapambano yanayoendelea ulimwenguni pote kwa ajili ya utu na haki ya binadamu. Yeyote anayehusika katika harakati hiyo kubwa atafaidika kwa kusoma <\/span>
\n Majibu ya Kidini kwa Jeuri<\/span>
\n<\/i> .<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3078246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[9967],"fpb_issue_category":[10225],"class_list":["post-3126283","fpb_book","type-fpb_book","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vitabu-vya-januari-2017","fpb_issue_category-januari-2017-quakers-mahali-pa-kazi"],"yoast_head":"\nMajibu ya Kidini kwa Vurugu: Haki za Kibinadamu katika Amerika ya Kusini Zamani na Sasa - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/majibu-ya-kidini-kwa-vurugu-haki-za-kibinadamu-katika-amerika-ya-kusini-zamani-na-sasa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Majibu ya Kidini kwa Vurugu: Haki za Kibinadamu katika Amerika ya Kusini Zamani na Sasa - Friends Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Imeandaliwa na Alexander Wilde. 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