{"id":3126474,"date":"2016-09-01T01:20:43","date_gmt":"2016-09-01T05:20:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/kupokonya-silaha-migogoro\/"},"modified":"2016-09-01T01:20:43","modified_gmt":"2016-09-01T05:20:43","slug":"kupokonya-silaha-migogoro","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/kupokonya-silaha-migogoro\/","title":{"rendered":"Kupokonya Silaha Migogoro"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"KuondoaNa Ernie Regehr. Vitabu vya Zed, 2015. Kurasa 228. $19.95\/mkoba. <\/i><\/b><\/h3>\nNunua kutoka kwa QuakerBooks<\/span><\/a>\n

Mojawapo ya siri kuu za ulimwengu huu ni kwa nini sisi wanadamu tunapoteza rasilimali nyingi kwenye zana za vita. Ni nini kinachoongeza fumbo, kama Ernie Regehr anavyoweka wazi <\/span>
\n Migogoro ya Kupokonya Silaha<\/span>
\n<\/i> , ni kwamba jitihada hii si ya ubatili tu bali\u2014kwa lengo la kufikia usalama wa binadamu\u2014haina tija.<\/span><\/p>\n

Regehr ni mtaalamu wa utatuzi wa migogoro ya kimataifa na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Project Plowshares, NGO inayoongoza ya amani na usalama ya Kanada. Ameshiriki katika mazungumzo ya Track II-mipango isiyo rasmi ya kutatua migogoro, sambamba na diplomasia rasmi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Katika<\/span>
\n Migogoro ya Kuondoa Silaha<\/span>
\n<\/i>, anaorodhesha vita vya miaka 25 iliyopita\u2014orodha ya kutisha na yenye kuogofya. Regehr anafafanua vita kuwa angalau 1,000 waliokufa, na 25 kuuawa kwa mwaka; anaviainisha kuwa vita baina ya mataifa, vita vya ndani ya nchi, na\u2014kawaida\u2014\u201cmaingiliano ya kimataifa katika mizozo ya ndani ya nchi.\u201d Kwa vita vya ndani (vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe), anavivunja zaidi katika udhibiti wa serikali, uundaji wa serikali (kwa mfano, mgawanyiko katika sehemu), na vita vya serikali vilivyoshindwa. Anabainisha kuwa vita vyote 29 vya sasa kote ulimwenguni ni tofauti juu ya vita vya ndani. <\/span><\/p>\n

Katika kesi baada ya kesi, Regehr anasema kwamba hakuna vita hivi ambavyo vimefikia lengo lolote linaloonekana kwa pande zote mbili, lakini badala yake viliiacha nchi ikiwa na tamaa zaidi kuliko kabla ya vita kuanza. Nguvu ndogo sana inahitajika kwa kundi la waasi kufanya nchi isitawalike. Wakati pande zote hatimaye zinakubali ubatili wa migogoro ya silaha na kuanza kujadiliana, zina rasilimali chache kwa shughuli za kujenga amani kuliko zilivyopaswa kuanza. <\/span><\/p>\n

Regehr hapendi kukataa kabisa matumizi ya nguvu. Matendo fulani ni maovu sana hivi kwamba ni lazima \u201cmajeshi ya kimataifa na ya kijeshi yaliyozoezwa vyema\u201d yakabili wale anaowaita \u201cwaharibifu.\u201d Lakini Regehr anadai kuwa rasilimali zinazotumiwa na viwango vya juu vya matumizi ya vita huhatarisha mipangilio inayohitajika kudumisha jamii iliyotulia\u2014kutoa huduma za kimsingi, utawala shirikishi na afya ya kiuchumi. Anahimiza mabadiliko makubwa ya rasilimali kutoka ya zamani hadi ya mwisho. <\/span><\/p>\n

Regehr anatofautisha kati ya ”operesheni za usaidizi wa amani” (uvamizi mdogo wa kimataifa ili kuimarisha mifumo ya utatuzi wa migogoro ya ndani), na ”kufanya vita” (kukwepa michakato ya kisiasa katika jaribio la kulazimisha ushindi wa upande mmoja). Anataja Iraq na Afghanistan-ambapo ”lengo lilihama kutoka kuunga mkono usalama na usalama wa umma hadi kuwashinda adui” – kama mifano ya ajabu, ya kutisha ya mwisho, ambayo iliongeza tu hali katika nchi hizi mbili. <\/span><\/p>\n

Regehr anatoa masomo mawili muhimu: (1) Usitumie rasilimali yako ya kitaifa kwa maandalizi makubwa ya vita, lakini yaelekeze kwenye kujenga jamii yenye afya na uthabiti; na (2) Mzozo unapoingia kwenye vita, ondoka haraka iwezekanavyo na kuingia katika mazungumzo. Mwishowe, serikali hatimaye italazimika kukutana ana kwa ana na watu wachache walio na huzuni. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kwa watu walio katika mazingira magumu ndani ya majimbo yaliyo katika hatari ambayo uingiliaji kati ni muhimu, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa, mwaka wa 2005, lilianzisha utaratibu wa kuidhinisha chini ya rubri ”Wajibu wa Kulinda” (R2P kwa ufupi). Regehr anafurahi kutambua kwamba R2P imepokea ”kiwango cha ajabu cha makubaliano ya kimataifa” – kukubalika kwa uwajibikaji wa kimataifa ambao unapingana na dhana ya kawaida ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwamba uhuru wa kitaifa unapinga kuingilia kati ndani ya mataifa. Lakini kutenda chini ya R2P kumejaa matatizo, na kuifanya kwa usahihi ni \u201cmojawapo ya matatizo makubwa zaidi ya kiadili na kisiasa ya wakati wetu.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Regehr anaona udhibiti wa biashara ya silaha kuwa wa dharura. Anauchukulia Mkataba wa Biashara ya Silaha (ATT) wa 2014 ”chini ya ukamilifu, lakini zaidi ya kufaa,” kwa kuwa angalau unafafanua taratibu zinazofaa. Anapongeza kujumuishwa kwa udhibiti wa silaha ndogo ndogo kama bunduki za kiotomatiki na kurusha roketi, ambazo ”bado ni ufunguo wa kupata na kumiliki eneo.” Anaona ATT kama ishara ya matumaini ya ”kaida ya kimataifa inayobadilika kwa ajili ya kujizuia.” <\/span><\/p>\n

Silaha za nyuklia, licha ya udhibiti fulani, husalia tayari kutumika kwa taarifa ya muda mfupi. Regehr ananukuu maoni ya Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa zamani wa Australia Gareth Evans kwamba kuishi kwa binadamu kwa muda mrefu bila maafa kumekuwa ”bahati mbaya.” Regehr anahimiza upunguzaji na uondoaji wa nyuklia kama kipaumbele cha juu, na, kwa sababu wamiliki wa silaha hizi wanashikilia kama ”baragumu ya kimkakati,” hii haiwezi kukamilika bila kupunguzwa kwa silaha za kawaida. <\/span><\/p>\n

Hatimaye, lengo linapaswa kuwa ”kuunda upya bahasha ya usalama.” Hii inahusisha kubadilisha dhana ya <\/span>
\n usalama<\/span>
\n<\/i> , mara nyingi hueleweka kijuujuu katika maneno ya kijeshi badala ya kama usalama wa watu wote, katika<\/span>
\n uhakikisho<\/span>
\n<\/i>, ikimaanisha kuwa uaminifu upo katika viwango vyote kuanzia mtu binafsi hadi kimataifa. Iwapo majimbo mengine au makundi ya waasi yanahisi kutishwa, yatashawishiwa kufuata mikakati ya kuzuia ”yasiyolinganishwa” – kwa mfano, ugaidi. Mataifa, kama watu mmoja-mmoja, lazima yakubali kwamba \u201cusalama wao wenyewe utaimarishwa ikiwa adui wao anahisi kuwa salama zaidi.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Kiasi hiki, kilichojaa maelezo na taarifa makini na marejesho, sio usomaji wa haraka. Lakini somo ni muhimu kwa maisha ya mwanadamu, na Regehr huchukua uchungu mwingi kuliweka sawa. Nimeona kuwa ngumu kupitia kurasa hizi inafaa kujitahidi. <\/span><\/p>\n

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