{"id":3126836,"date":"2017-08-01T01:25:01","date_gmt":"2017-08-01T05:25:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/13\/"},"modified":"2017-08-01T01:25:01","modified_gmt":"2017-08-01T05:25:01","slug":"13","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/13\/","title":{"rendered":"13"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Imeandikwa na Ava DuVernay na Spencer Averick, iliyoongozwa na Ava DuVernay. Netflix Documentary, 2016. Dakika 100. Onyesho la umma ni bure bila usajili wa Netflix. Onyesho la kibinafsi ni bure na usajili. <\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n

Tembelea tovuti rasmi kwenye Netflix<\/a><\/p>\n

Filamu
\n ya 13<\/span>
\n<\/i> ya Netflix ya Ava DuVernay<\/span> ni tu tour de force. Muhimu katika akaunti hii ya jinsi mfumo wa haki ya jinai wa Marekani ulivyotumiwa kwa zaidi ya miaka 150 ili kuendeleza urithi wa utumwa ni baadhi ya mahojiano 39 na wasomi na wanaharakati wenye ujuzi zaidi leo, ikiwa ni pamoja na Michelle Alexander, Bryan Stevenson na Henry Louis Gates Jr. Kila mahojiano yalichukua saa mbili na, kama mkurugenzi alielezea katika mazungumzo yake ya Netflix, ”Everrahyesfrey Ifrey” alisema ‘Everrahyonefrey’ alisema. <\/span><\/p>\n

Filamu hii inaanza kwa kuweka takwimu za sasa kuhusu viwango vya juu vya kufungwa nchini Marekani, lakini inageukia haraka historia ya jinsi tulivyofika hapa. Akaunti hiyo inaanza kwa kubainisha kwamba Marekebisho ya Kumi na Tatu ya Katiba ya Marekani yalipiga marufuku utumwa bila hiari. <\/span>
\n isipokuwa kama adhabu kwa kosa<\/span>
\n<\/i> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Jumuiya za zamani zilizoshikilia watumwa haraka ziligeukia ubaguzi huo ili kuwarudisha watu weusi wengi kwenye hadhi ya watumwa. Wanaume walihukumiwa kwa uzururaji, uzururaji, au makosa mengine madogo, na kisha kulazimishwa kufanya kazi ya jela mara nyingi kwa waliokuwa wamiliki wa watumwa. Zoezi hili la kukodisha wafungwa lilianza mchakato wa kuunda uhusiano kati ya watu weusi na uhalifu katika akili ya umma. <\/span><\/p>\n

Uhusiano huo uliimarishwa mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini na filamu ya<\/span>
\n Birth of a Nation<\/span>
\n<\/i>, ambayo iliwataja wanaume weusi kuwa waharibifu wahalifu na kuonyesha ugaidi wa Ku Klux Klan kama unaookoa taifa kutokana na tishio la unyanyasaji wa watu weusi dhidi ya wanawake weupe. Kwa kujibu, ugaidi-ikiwa ni pamoja na lynching-ilitumiwa kurejesha udhibiti juu ya watu weusi ambao walipotea wakati utumwa ulipoisha, na imeandikwa kwa picha katika <\/span>13<\/span><\/i> na picha za kumbukumbu. (Hali ya mchoro ya taswira hiyo inapaswa kuzingatiwa wakati wa kuamua ikiwa na jinsi ya kuonyesha hali hii kwa watoto.) <\/span><\/p>\n

Mahojiano na picha za kumbukumbu zinaonyesha jinsi mapambano ya haki za kiraia ya miaka ya 1950 na 1960 yalivyosababisha sheria na maamuzi ya mahakama kukomesha ubaguzi wa kisheria. Wakikabiliwa na uhuru mkubwa zaidi kwa watu weusi uliotokea, wanasiasa tena waliamua kufananisha weusi na uhalifu; kilichofuata ni Vita dhidi ya Uhalifu na Vita dhidi ya Dawa za Kulevya. ”Vita” hivyo vilikuwa kipengele muhimu katika ”mkakati wa Kusini” uliowaleta Warepublican madarakani baada ya mafanikio ya Vuguvugu la Haki za Kiraia. <\/span><\/p>\n

Takwimu zinathibitisha kuongezeka kwa viwango vya kufungwa katika miaka ya 1980. Picha za kumbukumbu zinaonyesha jinsi hofu ya uhalifu wa watu weusi ilivyotumiwa kuendeleza utawala wa Republican na matangazo ya televisheni ya kisiasa ya ”Willie Horton” ya 1988; baadaye, Wanademokrasia walishinda kampeni ya Bill Clinton ya ”nguvu dhidi ya uhalifu”, ambayo ilisukuma viwango vya kufungwa bado juu. Mswada wake wa uhalifu wa 1994 ulifadhili ujenzi wa magereza zaidi na kuchochea jeshi la polisi na timu za SWAT. Maelezo ya idadi ya chini ya sentensi za lazima na sera za ”maonyo matatu, hauko nje” yanaoanishwa na ushuhuda kutoka kwa zile zinazopokea. <\/span><\/p>\n

DuVernay alipata sehemu ya hadithi iliyomshangaza zaidi kuwa jukumu la Baraza la Ubadilishanaji Sheria la Marekani (ALEC) katika kuendeleza sheria zinazowajibika kwa vipengele vingi vya ukandamizaji vya kufungwa kwa watu wengi. Hatua hizo ni pamoja na sheria za msingi na ubinafsishaji wa magereza. Michael Hough, seneta wa Jimbo la Maryland na kiongozi wa sasa wa ALEC, husaidia kusimulia hadithi ya jinsi ALEC imebadilika lakini inaendelea kuathiri mfumo wa haki ya jinai kwa manufaa ya wapiga kura wa ALEC. <\/span><\/p>\n

Waliohojiwa wanaelezea vipengele vingine vya ukandamizaji vya kufungwa kwa watu wengi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kujadiliana kwa maombi badala ya kesi; mfumo wa dhamana ya dhamana ambao, kama Bryan Stevenson anavyoeleza, huwapa haki matajiri na wenye hatia juu ya maskini na wasio na hatia; kifungo cha upweke; na matokeo ya dhamana ambayo yanaambatanisha ikiwa mtu anayekiri hatia yuko gerezani kwa sasa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ingawa mahojiano yalifanyika katika kipindi cha miaka miwili, matukio mengi ya hivi majuzi yamejumuishwa\u2014kama vile vuguvugu la Black Lives Matter, na vifo vya Tamir Rice, Philando Castile, na Eric Garner.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ingawa dutu hii inaonekana kuwa ya kuhuzunisha sana, niliondoka nikiwa na hisia kali ya matumaini. Ninahusisha hilo na ufahamu wangu kwamba wengi wa wale wanaosimulia sehemu hasi zaidi za hadithi wenyewe wamejitolea sana katika mapambano ya kukomesha kufungwa kwa watu wengi. Filamu hii ya hali halisi inaishia kwa sifa za mwisho kwa mtayarishaji wa picha akisherehekea maisha ya watu weusi akiandamana na rapa na mshairi Common ”Letter to the Free.” Sherehe hiyo ya maisha ya watu weusi inaweka wazi ni nini kiko hatarini katika mapambano ya kukomesha kufungwa kwa watu wengi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mfumo wa haki ya jinai nchini Marekani ni mgumu, na mwitikio mzuri kwake ni mgumu sana kwa kila mmoja wetu. Nadhani, hata hivyo, kwamba sherehe ya kufunga inaweza kuhamasisha watazamaji wengi kutambua ni jukumu gani wanaongozwa kutekeleza ili kusaidia kukomesha ukandamizaji ulioelezewa kikamilifu katika <\/span>
\n ya 13<\/span>
\n<\/i> .<\/span><\/p>\n

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