{"id":3127093,"date":"2015-08-01T00:02:33","date_gmt":"2015-08-01T04:02:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/dhoruba-ya-uchawi-majaribio-ya-salem-na-uzoefu-wa-amerika\/"},"modified":"2015-08-01T00:02:33","modified_gmt":"2015-08-01T04:02:33","slug":"dhoruba-ya-uchawi-majaribio-ya-salem-na-uzoefu-wa-amerika","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/dhoruba-ya-uchawi-majaribio-ya-salem-na-uzoefu-wa-amerika\/","title":{"rendered":"Dhoruba ya Uchawi: Majaribio ya Salem na Uzoefu wa Amerika"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"A_Dhoruba_ya_Uchawi__Majaribio_ya_Salem_na_Uzoefu_wa_Mmarekani__Nyakati_Muhimu_katika_Historia_ya_Marekani___Emerson_W__Baker__9780199890347__Amazon_com__Books\"<\/a>Na Emerson W. Baker. Oxford University Press, 2014. 398 kurasa. $ 29.95 \/ jalada gumu; $21.99\/Kitabu pepe. <\/i><\/b><\/h3>\nNunua kwenye FJ Amazon Store<\/span><\/a>\n

Kitabu cha Emerson W. Baker kinaanza kwa maelezo ya kushangaza, kwa majadiliano ya kitu cha awali katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Peabody Essex huko Salem, Misa. Mapapa wangekuwa na jukumu katika ”dhoruba ya uchawi” iliyozuka huko Salem na miji ya jirani mnamo 1692. Lakini Marafiki wengi wa wakati huo labda watapata jukumu lao la kushangaza – Yusufu na Bathsheba hawakuwa wahasiriwa wasio na hatia wa mashtaka ya kushangaza ya kuwa wachawi. Badala yake walikuwa washtaki, wakiongeza ushuhuda wao kwa kile kilichonyongwa, miongoni mwa wengine, Muuguzi mtakatifu Rebecca na John Procter, mhusika mkuu wa tamthilia ya Arthur Miller The Crucible<\/i> . <\/p>\n

Matukio ndani na karibu na Salem mnamo 1692 ni kati ya yaliyosomwa zaidi katika historia ya Amerika. Baker, mwanahistoria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Salem State, anahusika na kueleza kilichotokea na kwa nini. Katikati walikuwa wasichana na wanawake vijana ambao hawakuishi katika mji wa Salem, lakini jumuiya ya karibu ya Salem Farms au Salem Village. Kijiji kilichanganyikiwa na migogoro kati ya familia kuhusu ardhi, urithi, na uongozi\u2014kanisa la kijiji lilikuwa limepitia wahudumu wanne katika miaka 20. Washtaki hao walidai kuwa wachawi na wachawi hawakuwatesa tu, bali pia walihusika na mauaji na uhalifu mwingine kwa miongo kadhaa. Walengwa wao walitoka kwa wale wanaolingana na dhana potofu za wachawi\u2014wasiopendwa na watu, wanawake waliotengwa\u2014hadi mawaziri, viongozi wa kijeshi, na wanasiasa na wake zao. Kufikia mwisho wa 1692, wanawake na wanaume 19 walikuwa wamehukumiwa na kunyongwa, na wengine kadhaa walikufa gerezani au katika mchakato wa kisheria. <\/p>\n

Mchango mkubwa zaidi wa Baker katika mjadala unaoendelea wa matukio ya 1692 ni uchanganuzi wake wa majaji waliosimamia kesi na ambao waliwajibika kwa hukumu. Waliwakilisha wasomi wa koloni. Mnamo 1692, Baker anasema, walikuwa na kitu cha kudhibitisha. Wengi wao walikuwa wanaume ambao walikuwa wameelimishwa kwa ajili ya huduma ya Wapuritani, lakini badala yake walikuwa wamechukua kazi za kilimwengu. Wengi wao walikuwa wameshikilia ofisi chini ya serikali isiyopendwa na Mfalme James wa Pili iliyopinduliwa mnamo 1688-1689. Watu kadhaa walikabiliwa na mashaka juu ya kina cha uzoefu wao wa kidini. Pia walikuwa wamepata hasara kubwa kutokana na uvamizi wa Wahindi kwenye ardhi walizoshikilia huko Maine. Kabla ya 1692, majaribio ya uchawi huko Massachusetts yalikuwa na uwezekano wa kusababisha kuachiliwa kama hatia. Lakini katika 1692, Baker anamalizia, waamuzi walikuwa \u201cwakitafuta mtu wa kulaumiwa.\u201d Walipata shabaha kwa wanaume na wanawake waliokuja kabla yao. <\/p>\n

Quakers sio msingi wa akaunti ya Baker, lakini huonekana mara kwa mara. Hakuna Marafiki walioshutumiwa kwa uchawi, ingawa baadhi ya washtakiwa walikuwa na uhusiano na familia za Quaker. Mmoja wa mashujaa wa Baker ni Thomas Maule, Salem Friend ambaye mwaka 1695 alichapisha shutuma kali za majaribio hayo. Maule, kwa kufaa, angekuwa babu wa safu ndefu ya Marafiki ambao wangeendelea kuwa wabishi hadi karne ya ishirini. <\/p>\n

Baker anamalizia kwa kile anachokiona kuwa cha maadili. Mnamo 1692, Wapuriti katika Massachusetts walisadiki kwamba Shetani alikuwa \u201cametembelea koloni lao na kupiga pigo kali.\u201d Lakini ijapokuwa mwanzoni walimwona akitenda kupitia wachawi, kufikia mwisho wa mwaka huo \u201cwalikuja kuelewa kwamba kazi kubwa ya Shetani ilikuwa kuwahadaa wafikiri kwamba Wapuriti na watu wema wengi walikuwa wachawi.\u201d Anatuonya hivi leo: \u201cbadili neno mchawi liwe gaidi na labda tunaweza kufahamu vizuri zaidi tatizo tata ambalo watu wa Salemu . . . walikabili mwaka wa 1692.\u201d <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3076530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[9920,9945],"fpb_issue_category":[10209],"class_list":["post-3127093","fpb_book","type-fpb_book","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mapitio-ya-kitabu-cha-quaker","category-vitabu-vya-agosti-2015","fpb_issue_category-agosti-2015-athari-za-vita"],"yoast_head":"\nDhoruba ya Uchawi: Majaribio ya Salem na Uzoefu wa Amerika - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/dhoruba-ya-uchawi-majaribio-ya-salem-na-uzoefu-wa-amerika\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dhoruba ya Uchawi: Majaribio ya Salem na Uzoefu wa Amerika - Friends Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Na Emerson W. 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