{"id":3141338,"date":"2026-11-01T01:25:00","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T05:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/book\/waquaker-na-watumwa-huko-north-carolina\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T01:26:09","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T05:26:09","slug":"waquaker-na-watumwa-huko-north-carolina","status":"publish","type":"fpb_book","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/waquaker-na-watumwa-huko-north-carolina\/","title":{"rendered":"Waquaker na Watumwa huko North Carolina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Imeandikwa na J. Timothy Allen. The History Press, 2026. Kurasa 176. $24.99\/jalada laini.   <\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Katika fikra za kawaida, Waquaker mara nyingi huonekana kuwa miongoni mwa wachache sana ambao hawakuwa na uhusiano wowote na utumwa. Badala yake, wanaonyeshwa kama wapinzani jasiri, waliopanga Underground Railroad na kuhatarisha maisha na mali zao katika shughuli haramu ili kuwakomboa waliokandamizwa. Waquaker nao hawako huru kutokana na hadithi hii ya kizushi. Nikiwa kijana niliyekulia katika jumuiya ya Friends huko Indiana ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa kitovu cha shughuli za Underground Railroad katikati ya miaka ya 1800, nilizichukua hadithi za kazi hiyo, pamoja na uwepo wa Friends wa Rangi waliokuwa wazao wa Watu Weusi walioachwa huru, kama ushahidi wa kutohusika kwa Waquaker katika utumwa\u2014na hata kinga dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nilikosea, na kitabu cha J. Timothy Allen <em>Quakers and the Enslaved in North Carolina<\/em> kinaeleza kwa kina, kupitia utafiti mkubwa wa kumbukumbu za kihistoria, jinsi Friends walivyohusika kikamilifu katika utumwa, jinsi historia ya njia yao kuelekea kupinga utumwa ilivyokuwa ngumu, na jinsi walivyoitikia suala la kuwasaidia wale waliokuwa wameachwa huru hivi karibuni.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Allen anachunguza mitazamo ya awali ya Waquaker kuhusu utumwa na kutaja mwitikio wa watu muhimu kama vile George Fox. Fox, aliyehubiri huko Barbados kabla ya kuwasili kwake huko Carolinas mwaka 1672, alikuwa anafahamu matumizi ya kazi za watumwa katika mashamba ya miwa lakini alihimiza tu matendo mema, elimu ya kanuni za Kikristo, na uwezekano wa kutumia kanuni za Jubilei baada ya miaka ya utumwa. Wakati huohuo, meli zinazomilikiwa na Waquaker zilibeba watumwa wengi zaidi kuelekea kisiwa hicho.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wakati maeneo ya pwani ya North Carolina yalipokaliwa na Waquaker mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1600 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1700, walitumia kazi za watumwa katika mashamba tajiri yaliyokuwa na faida kubwa kutokana na udongo wa Great Dismal Swamp uliomwagwa maji kupitia mifereji iliyochimbwa na watumwa. Utafiti wa Allen unaeleza kwa kina idadi ya watu waliotumwa na Waquaker wenye majina ya ukoo yanayojulikana: Francis Toms, 8; Patrick Henley, 11; Amos Trueblood, &#8221;karibu 20&#8243;; na kwa pamoja Thomas Newby, Caleb White, Zach Nixon, George Walton, na wengine watano walikuwa na watumwa 134. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hata hivyo, hatua kwa hatua, hisia zinazoongezeka dhidi ya utumwa zilizoelezwa na William Edmundson, John Woolman, na wengine zilianza kusikika miongoni mwa Friends huko Kusini. Safari za John Woolman za mwaka 1746 na 1757 kwenda North Carolina na ziara zake kwa Waquaker waliokuwa na watumwa zilikuwa na athari. Newby na zaidi ya Friends kumi na kadhaa katika Perquimans County walipochagua mwanzoni mwa mwaka 1776 kuwaachilia huru watumwa wao, ni kwamba waliwaona wakikamatwa tena na kurudishwa utumwani, michakato ilianza ndani ya North Carolina Yearly Meeting kushughulikia hali hiyo.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hilo liliwasilisha changamoto kubwa kwa Waquaker waliomiliki watumwa. Wengine walichagua kukubali kufukuzwa na kuendelea kuwamiliki watumwa wao. Wengine walichagua kuacha kuwa Friends. Wale waliochagua kubaki kuwa Friends walilazimika kukabiliana na ukweli kwamba kuwaachilia huru watumwa wao kulikuwa kinyume cha sheria za North Carolina. Kutokana na hilo, uhamiaji wa Waquaker kutoka Kusini ulianza, ukiwa mdogo mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1700 kisha ukawa mkubwa sana kufikia miaka ya 1820.    <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wale waliobaki North Carolina walitafuta njia za kuzunguka sheria kwa namna mbalimbali. Vyama vya &#8221;Ukoloni&#8221; vilikusanya fedha za kusafirisha Watu Weusi walioachwa huru kwenda Haiti, Liberia, na maeneo mengine. Lakini hilo lilithibitika kuwa na matatizo kwa sababu nyingi. Vyama vya kuachilia watumwa viliundwa ili kutetea mabadiliko ya sheria. Vilikoma kuwepo kufikia mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1830.    <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hatimaye wazo moja lilikubaliwa na Yearly Meeting kwa ushirikiano na jaji mmoja aliyepinga utumwa, ambaye alishauri kwamba, kwa kuwa taasisi za kidini zingeweza kumiliki mali, Friends wangeweza kukabidhi umiliki wa watumwa wao kwa Yearly Meeting ili kuwalinda kama &#8221;wamiliki,&#8221; huku wakiruhusiwa kuishi kama &#8221;Quaker Free Negroes.&#8221; Kufikia miaka ya 1820, North Carolina Yearly Meeting ilikuwa na umiliki wa zaidi ya watu 700 waliokuwa watumwa hapo awali, na hivyo huenda ikawa &#8221;mmiliki wa watumwa&#8221; mkubwa zaidi katika jimbo hilo! <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uangalizi na utunzaji wa Quaker Free Negroes ukawa jukumu la Meeting for Sufferings, nao walilazimika kukusanya kiasi kikubwa cha fedha kwa ajili ya kazi hiyo, ikiwa ni pamoja na mavazi, chakula, mafunzo, na usafiri. Michango kutoka nje ya North Carolina ilipokelewa, lakini idadi ya Friends iliyokuwa ikipungua kwa kasi katika jimbo hilo ilikuwa na wakati mgumu kukabiliana na hitaji hilo. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wakati huohuo, North Carolina, kama ilivyokuwa kwa majimbo mengine ya Kusini, ilikuwa ikizidi kuhangaika kuhusu idadi kubwa ya Watu Weusi walio huru: ikiogopa maasi ya watumwa. Wakati kazi ya kudumisha mwitikio wa kisheria kwa uamuzi wa kuwaachilia huru watumwa wao iliendelea, baadhi ya Friends, kama alivyoeleza Levi Coffin, waligundua kuwa sheria hizo zilikinzana na utu wa binadamu, hivyo &#8221;tulipuuza sheria.&#8221; Kuanzia na &#8221;Maritime Railroad&#8221; kando ya njia za maji za mashariki mwa North Carolina na &#8221;Aboveground Railroad&#8221; ya Friends waliowachukua Watu Weusi huru pamoja nao walipohamia majimbo huru ya Kaskazini, mfumo hatimaye ulijitokeza wa &#8221;Underground Railroad&#8221; uliosaidia kutoroshwa kwa watumwa na Watu Weusi huru, ambao waliendelea kukabiliwa na tishio la kutekwa nyara.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Katika yote hayo, kulikuwa na mijadala endelevu miongoni mwa Friends kuhusu uadilifu wa shughuli halali dhidi ya haramu, ukombozi wa taratibu dhidi ya ukomeshaji wa haraka, na mkondo endelevu wa chinichini wa ubaguzi wa rangi.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kazi ya Allen ni muhimu kuzingatiwa kwani Friends wa leo wanaendelea kukabiliana na urithi wa utumwa na ushirikiano wetu ndani yake, pamoja na masuala ya haki ya kisasa ambayo yamewagawanya Friends kuhusu njia sahihi za kuyashughulikia. Historia yetu wenyewe inaweza kuwa mwongozo muhimu katika kuzingatia matokeo ya maamuzi yetu. <\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Max L. Carter ni Mkurugenzi Mstaafu wa William R. Rogers wa Friends Center and Quaker Studies katika Guilford College. Ni mwanachama wa New Garden Meeting huko Greensboro, N.C., na anahudumu katika bodi ya Friends Publishing Corporation, mchapishaji wa <\/strong> <strong><em>Friends Journal<\/em><\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5090,"featured_media":3141254,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[28945],"fpb_issue_category":[28940],"class_list":["post-3141338","fpb_book","type-fpb_book","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vitabu-vya-novemba-2026","fpb_issue_category-fiction-ya-quaker"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Waquaker na Watumwa huko North Carolina - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/book\/waquaker-na-watumwa-huko-north-carolina\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Waquaker na Watumwa huko North Carolina\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Imeandikwa na J. 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