{"id":3099351,"date":"2025-08-01T02:10:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-01T06:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\/"},"modified":"2025-09-16T11:02:37","modified_gmt":"2025-09-16T15:02:37","slug":"black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Upinzani Weusi kwa Utumwa wa Quaker"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-pure-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-c73e14a89eb01920109901a439435d27 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%)\"><strong>Hesabu ya Maadili<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Jim Fussell on Black Resistance to Quaker Enslavement\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/PdBXi8_06xU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-jim-fussell\/\">Onyesha maelezo na manukuu<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Katika utulivu wa Jumba la Mkutano la Tatu la Haven kwenye Pwani ya Mashariki ya Maryland, mwanamke Mweusi aliinuka kuzungumza. Sauti yake ilikata ukimya huku akiwaita Marafiki kuwaweka huru wale waliowafanya watumwa. Ingawa jina lake halikuandikwa, ujasiri wake ulibakia katika mapokeo ya mdomo ya mkutano huo. Wa Quaker weupe waliokuwapo hawakutii maneno yake siku hiyo, lakini historia inaonyesha kwamba sauti za Weusi\u2014zilizosemwa, zilizopiga kelele, za kunong\u2019ona gizani\u2014zilikuwa miongoni mwa kani zenye nguvu zaidi zilizowasukuma Waquaker waachane na utumwa.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kwa zaidi ya miongo 12 kuanzia mwaka wa 1657 hadi 1777 hivi, Waquaker walikuwa wamenaswa sana na zoea la kuwafanya wanadamu kuwa watumwa. Hatimaye, katika miaka ya 1760 na 1770, Waquaker kama chombo walipata uamsho wa kimaadili, mchakato wa kuwalazimisha watumwa wa Quaker kuwaondoa wale waliowafanya watumwa au vinginevyo wakataliwe, ikimaanisha kuondolewa kwa uanachama kwa tabia isiyopatana na shuhuda za Jumuiya ya Marafiki. Mabadiliko haya hayakutokea katika ombwe. Mabadiliko haya hayakuwa matokeo ya kutafakari kwa ndani tu au utambuzi wa shirika. Jumuiya za Quaker zililazimika kuchukua hatua, kwa sehemu kubwa, kupitia upinzani unaoendelea wa wale waliowafanya watumwa. Watu Weusi waliokuwa watumwa hawakungoja dhamiri nyeupe ziamke. Walikabiliana, walitoroka, walihujumu, na wengine walilipa maisha yao kwa vitendo vya ukaidi ambavyo vilifanya iwe vigumu na gharama kubwa zaidi kwa Quakers kuendelea kuwafanya wengine kuwa watumwa. Kwa muda mrefu sana, hadithi ya kukomesha Quaker imesemwa kama moja ya dhamiri. Nakala hii inarejesha ukweli mwingine: ilikuwa upinzani wa Weusi ambao ulilazimisha Jumuiya ya Kidini ya Marafiki kukabiliana na mizozo yake ya ndani. Hapa kuna baadhi ya mifano:         <\/p>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37f3c94aa0d23584807a60124487bb65\"><strong>Makabiliano: Kusema Kweli Mashambani na Katika Majumba ya Mikutano  <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Katika kiangazi cha 1759, kwenye shamba moja huko Accomack, Virginia, mvulana mwenye umri wa miaka 14 anayeitwa James alimgeukia mtoto wa mtumwa wake, Warner Mifflin, na kumpinga. Wavulana wote wawili walikuwa na umri sawa, lakini hatima yao ilikuwa imeamuliwa na taasisi ya utumwa. James aliuliza kwa nini lazima afanye kazi katika mashamba ya tumbaku huku Warner akiwa huru kusoma na kujifunza. \u201cNa baada ya muda, watoto wangu lazima wafanye kazi hapa pia\u2014ili watoto wako waende kusoma?\u201d     <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Warner Mifflin, akiwa na aibu na hasira wakati huo, hakusahau maneno ya James. Wakati huo wa mzozo, ambao haukuzungumzwa wakati wa ibada ya Quaker, lakini katika uwanja wa kazi ya kulazimishwa, ulipanda mbegu iliyokua baada ya muda. Mifflin baadaye akawa mkomeshaji mashuhuri wa Quaker, kwanza mwaka wa 1775 kwa kumwachilia James na wengine 26 aliowaweka utumwani. Na Warner alimlipa James fidia kwa miaka mingi ya kazi ya kulazimishwa ambayo alikuwa amemuibia.   <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"647\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1-647x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3073584\" style=\"width:auto;height:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1-647x1024.jpg 647w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1-768x1215.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1-971x1536.jpg 971w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1-600x949.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_1.jpg 1264w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Warner Mifflin aliwaachilia watumwa wake, akitangaza katika barua yake \u201cni dhambi ya kupaka rangi kuwafanya watumwa viumbe wenzangu.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9b39f99872933f34d7d3b993ff0f1aa3\"><strong>Kutoroka: Kukataliwa Moja kwa Moja kwa Utumwa<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Maneno hayakutosha. Escape ilikuwa kati ya aina za mara kwa mara na za moja kwa moja za upinzani ambazo tuna rekodi zake. Kukimbia kilikuwa kitendo cha dharau ambacho kiligonga moyo wa nguvu ya mtumwa. Ilikuwa pia tamko la kina la umiliki wa kibinafsi.     <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mnamo 1746, mtu anayeitwa Dolphin alikimbia kutoka shamba la Maryland la watumwa wa Quaker na mfanyabiashara wa watumwa Samuel Galloway (1720-1785) wa Mkutano wa West River. Mara ya mwisho alionekana maili 60 kusini mwa Virginia. Je, alifikia Kinamasi Kubwa Kinachofedheheka, ambapo jumuiya za Maroon za watu waliojikomboa zilikusanyika? Je, aliendelea zaidi, labda hadi Florida ya Uhispania, ambako wakimbizi Weusi walipewa uhuru badala ya utumishi wa kijeshi? Hatujui. Tunachojua ni kwamba kukimbia kwake kungevuruga kaya ya Galloway na kutikisa dhana kwamba utumwa ulikuwa taasisi thabiti.       <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mtafuta-uhuru mwingine, Jack, alitoroka kutoka kwa familia ya Quaker Pleasants ya Henrico Meeting huko Virginia mnamo 1752. Alipanga muda wa safari yake kwa uangalifu, akichagua usiku wa baridi, usio na mwezi, wa baridi ambao ungempa nafasi kubwa zaidi ya kuepuka kukamatwa. Wiki mbili baada ya notisi ya kwanza iliyochapishwa, ilani ya pili ya &#8221;kukimbia&#8221; ilichapishwa, ikipendekeza kwamba Jack anaweza kufaulu. Matendo yake yalipandisha gharama ya utumwa\u2014sio tu katika masuala ya kifedha, bali katika hesabu ya maadili pia. Karibu miongo miwili baadaye, mtumwa wake John Pleasants III (1698-1771), akisaidiwa na mwanawe Robert, alipanga kutumwa kwa watu zaidi ya 500 waliofanywa watumwa katika mapenzi yake. Je, kutoroka kwa Jack kulichangia mabadiliko hayo? Kuna uwezekano. Robert baadaye akawa mtetezi mashuhuri wa kukomeshwa.         <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pia wakati wa majira ya baridi kali, lakini mwezi mpevu mapema Januari 1754, mvulana tineja aitwaye Ash alitoroka kutoka kwa John Wardell (1732-1777) wa Mkutano wa Shrewsbury huko New Jersey. Kila hatua ilikuwa hatari, lakini bado alikimbia. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mnamo msimu wa 1762, Peter alikimbia kwa farasi kutoka kwa Isaac Webster (1730-1799) wa Mkutano wa Deer Creek huko Maryland. Miezi kumi baadaye, kwenye shamba lililo karibu\u2014labda kwa msaada wa Peter\u2014mtu mmoja anayeitwa Nace aliongoza kikundi cha kutoroka kutoka kwa shamba la James Lee Mdogo. Lee alikuwa amekataliwa hivi majuzi na mkutano wake kwa ajili ya kuweka kamari kwenye mbio za farasi, ingawa wengi wa jamaa zake wa karibu walibaki kuwa washiriki wa Mkutano wa Deer Creek. Jaribio la kutoroka liliisha kwa msiba: James Lee (1701-1778) na kikundi cha watu wenye silaha waliwawinda waliotoroka, na kumuua Nace na kuwajeruhi wengine wawili. Bado hata katika kifo, upinzani wa Nace ulikuwa na athari. Vijana watatu wa Quakers\u2014Jacob Comley, Thomas Hooker, na William Parrish Jr\u2014ambao walikuwa wamejiunga na msako huo walikataliwa baada ya mwezi mmoja tu wa kujadiliwa na Mkutano wa Baruti, kuashiria chukizo la kimaadili linaloongezeka ndani ya Jumuiya ya Marafiki juu ya kushiriki katika utekelezaji wa utumwa. Tofauti na Mifflins na Pleasants, familia za Lee na Webster zilichagua kuendelea kuwafanya watu kuwa watumwa, wakijitenga na Jumuiya ya Kidini ya Marafiki. Familia nyingi zaidi za Waquaker zilipochagua utumwa badala ya uaminifu, mikutano ilianza kuwa tofauti zaidi: Upinzani ulifanya kutounga mkono upande wowote kusiwezekane.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"561\" src=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_2-1024x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3073585\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_2-1024x561.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_2-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_2-768x421.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_2-600x329.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_2.jpg 1402w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Enslaver of Dolphin, Samuel Galloway, alishirikiana na shemeji yake Thomas Ringgold kama wafanyabiashara na wafanyabiashara wa watumwa wanaovuka Atlantiki.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7d82c872a35114e3e5e361f63905e3ce\"><strong>Uchomaji moto: Kuongeza Gharama ya Utumwa  <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Sio upinzani wote ulihusisha kukimbia au makabiliano ya maneno. Wengine walikaa pale walipo na kugonga moja kwa moja kwenye mfumo. Usiku wa Septemba 1, 1750, siku chache baada ya mavuno, wanawake wawili waliokuwa watumwa, Grace na Jane, walichoma ghala la tumbaku huko West River, Maryland, linalomilikiwa na mtumwa wao wa Quaker, Joseph Galloway (1699-1752). Moto ulienea haraka, na kuharibu mazao ya msimu mzima.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hii haikuwa ajali. Rekodi za mahakama zilielezea hatua zao kama zilizopangwa, zilizofanywa kwa &#8221;uovu uliofikiriwa mapema.&#8221; Grace na Jane walijua walichokuwa wakifanya. Tumbaku ilikuwa uti wa mgongo wa kiuchumi wa utumwa huko Chesapeake, na kwa kuichoma, walishambulia taasisi hiyo kwenye mizizi yake.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Upinzani wao uligharimu maisha yao. Walihukumiwa kifo na kunyongwa Aprili 17, 1751. Lakini ukaidi wao ulituma ujumbe: utumwa ulitegemea jeuri, na wale waliofaidika kutokana nayo hawakuwa salama kamwe. Utajiri, ghala, na mashamba yangeweza kugeuzwa kuwa majivu.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vitendo kama hivyo vilikusanywa kwa muda, na kutikisa kushikamana kwa Quaker na utumwa na kulazimisha hesabu ya maadili. Ushahidi wa Quaker dhidi ya vita haukuweza kuwepo pamoja na utumwa wa vurugu unaohitajika. Marafiki waliowafanya wengine kuwa watumwa waliishi kinyume na imani waliyodai kufuata.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"657\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3-657x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3073586\" style=\"width:auto;height:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3-657x1024.jpg 657w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3-768x1197.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3-986x1536.jpg 986w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3-600x935.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_3.jpg 1156w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 657px) 100vw, 657px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wosia wa John Pleasants III, ambao uliwauliza warithi wake kuwaweka huru mamia ya watumwa watakapofikisha miaka 30.<br\/> wa umri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7bef38840f844bdd6048b0a030281118\"><strong>Wigo wa Upinzani wa Makusudi<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Upinzani wa watu weusi dhidi ya utumwa wa Quaker ulikuwa wa namna nyingi\u2014mengine tulivu, mengine ya kulipuka\u2014lakini karibu yote yalikuwa ya kimakusudi. Watu waliokuwa watumwa walipinga kwanza kwa kushikilia utambulisho wao: kunong&#8217;ona kwa majina ya Kiafrika, kuimba nyimbo za kiroho zilizo na maana, uponyaji (au kudhuru) kwa mimea ya dawa, na kusimulia hadithi ambazo zilihifadhi uhuru. Walifundishana kusoma kwa siri, walihubiri ukombozi, na kudumisha familia na jumuiya\u2014hata walipovunjwa na uuzaji au jeuri. Haya hayakuwa matendo madogo. Yalikuwa maonyesho ya kila siku ya kujiamulia\u2014hatari ndogo, lakini yenye msingi katika ujasiri tulivu.      <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wengine walichukua hatari kubwa zaidi. Walipunguza kasi ya kazi, walivunja zana, walijifanya kuwa wagonjwa, au waliondoka bila ruhusa ya kutembelea watoto au wenzi wa ndoa kwenye mashamba mengine. Wengine walikabiliana na watumwa, wakapatana na hali bora zaidi, walitoa habari za uwongo, pasi za kughushi, kuvuruga ukatili, au kushtaki kwa uhuru wao. Matendo haya ya uhuru yalikuja na hatari kubwa zaidi-yaliyofanywa chini ya macho ya macho, kwa mioyo inayodunda. Bado, walitangaza: hatutakufanyia jambo hili rahisi.      <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na kisha kulikuwa na wale ambao upinzani wao ulipiga msingi wa mfumo. Wengine walikimbia usiku kucha. Baadhi waliharibu mali. Wengine walisaidia kutoroka, kuweka silaha, kupigana, kutumia sumu, au maasi yaliyopangwa.     <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Matendo haya yalikuwa ya kimkakati na yenye kusudi. Tangu Jack akikimbia usiku wa kipupwe usio na mwezi hadi Grace na Jane wakiwaka moto baada tu ya mavuno, kila uamuzi uliwekwa wakati wa kusema waziwazi, uliogharimu sana, na kuacha alama ya kudumu\u2014juu ya watumwa wao wa Quaker na juu ya dhamiri ya Jumuiya ya Kidini ya Marafiki.   <\/p>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5679dcbfbf0433d5272ccc14009aae10\"><strong>Gharama ya Upinzani\u2014na Athari Zake kwa Wana Quaker  <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Upinzani ulikuja kwa bei mbaya. Wengine, kama Nace, Grace, na Jane, waliuawa. Wengine, kama Yakobo na Petro, waliishi muda mrefu vya kutosha kuona uhuru. Baadhi yao walitoweka kwenye rekodi\u2014je, Dolphin alipata patakatifu? Je, Jack alifika salama? Hatujui, lakini tunachojua ni kwamba vitendo hivi vya ukaidi viliwalazimu Waquaker kukabiliana na ushirika wao.       <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kwa miongo mingi, Waquaker walijadiliana, walipinga mabadiliko, na nyakati fulani waliwatia adabu wale waliozungumza kwa sauti kubwa sana dhidi ya utumwa. Lakini watu Weusi waliokuwa watumwa waliendelea kukataa\u2014kwa maneno, kutoroka, uchomaji moto, na ukaidi\u2014gharama ya kudumisha utumwa ikawa kubwa sana. Ingawa rekodi mara chache huandika mstari wa moja kwa moja kati ya kitendo cha upinzani na uamuzi wa Quaker, mkusanyiko wa vitendo kama hivyo hauwezekani kupuuzwa. Polepole, kwa miongo kadhaa ya mapambano makali ya ndani, Jumuiya ya Marafiki ilipitia uamsho wa kweli wa maadili, hesabu ya kiroho ambayo ilifafanua upya mipaka ya uaminifu.     <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mnamo 1758, Mkutano wa Mwaka wa Philadelphia uliteua kamati ya watu watano kutembelea watumwa. Hatimaye, mikutano ya kila mwaka moja baada ya nyingine katika makoloni ya Uingereza ya Amerika Kaskazini ilifanya kuwashikilia watu utumwani kuwa kosa lisiloweza kukataliwa: New England mwaka 1772, New York mwaka 1774, Philadelphia mwaka 1776, Maryland mwaka 1778, North Carolina mwaka 1783 na hatimaye Mkutano wa Mwaka wa Virginia mwaka 1784. Imani ya Quaker.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3073587\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_4-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_4-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_4-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_4.jpg 1411w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tatu Haven Meetinghouse. Picha na Julie Heiland. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2dd67fe16654d613e781aa15e17a936c\"><strong>Urithi wa Upinzani<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Mara nyingi, historia inawakumbuka wakomeshaji wazungu wa Quaker, kama vile Robert Pleasants, Warner Mifflin, Anthony Benezet, John Woolman na Benjamin Lay, lakini inawasahau watu Weusi waliowalazimisha kuchukua hatua. Majina ya wale waliopinga\u2014James, Grace, Jane, Jack, Dolphin, Ash, Nace na wengine wengi\u2014lazima yasemwe kwa sauti. Kwa hivyo lazima pia tukumbuke sauti ya mwanamke Mweusi ambaye alivunja ukimya katika Mkutano wa Tatu wa Haven. Si maelezo ya chini ya historia; wao ni moyo wa kupigania uhuru. Na baadhi ya wale waliopinga utumwa wanazikwa ndani au kando ya maziko ya Waquaker, makaburi yao hayana alama, majina yao mara nyingi hayana kumbukumbu, ilhali uwepo wao unadumu kama ushuhuda wa utulivu wa hesabu ya maadili waliyosaidia kuleta.    <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leo, Marafiki wanaendelea kushindana na urithi wa ushiriki wa Quaker katika utumwa. Sisi ni wasimamizi wa kumbukumbu\u2014warithi wa wajibu wa kutenda. Katika hesabu hiyo, lazima tuzingatie ukweli: msukumo kuelekea haki ulianza kwa maneno na matendo ya wale ambao Quakers walifanya utumwa. Wakati mwingine nje ya ukimya, wakati mwingine moto, wakati mwingine na ndege ya kukata tamaa katika ardhi iliyoganda. Upinzani mweusi ulifanya ukomeshaji wa Quaker uwezekane. Na mwangwi wa upinzani huo bado unatuita kuchukua hatua.     <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pia tungefanya vyema kukumbuka maneno yaliyosemwa karne moja baadaye na Frederick Douglass, mkomeshaji ambaye alikuwa amefanywa mtumwa huko Maryland. Mnamo Agosti 3, 1857, katika Kaunti ya Ontario, New York, Douglass alisema: <\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pambano hili linaweza kuwa la kimaadili, au linaweza kuwa la kimwili, na linaweza kuwa la kimaadili na kimwili, lakini lazima liwe pambano. Nguvu haikubali chochote bila mahitaji. Haijawahi kufanya na haitawahi.    <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chunguza kile ambacho watu wowote watanyenyekea kimya kimya, na wewe umepata kipimo kamili cha dhulma na udhalimu watakachowekewa&#8230; na haya yataendelea mpaka watakapopingwa kwa maneno au mapigo, au kwa vyote viwili.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Katika ukimya wa mikutano ya Marafiki leo, tunaitwa tena kusikiliza\u2014sio ndani tu, bali kwa sauti ambazo historia ilijaribu kuzikandamiza. Roho alizungumza kupitia miguu ya waliotoroka, maneno ya kugombana ya James, moto uliowashwa na Grace na Jane na ujasiri wa mwanamke kwenye Ukumbi wa Tatu wa Haven. Haya hayakuwa matendo ya kupinga tu\u2014yalikuwa huduma ya kinabii. Na bado wanatuuliza: Mtashuhudia nini?   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hesabu ya maadili.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5090,"featured_media":3099090,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9822],"tags":[],"fpb_issue_category":[9876],"class_list":["post-3099351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vipengele","fpb_issue_category-mafunzo-kutoka-kwa-historia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Upinzani Weusi kwa Utumwa wa Quaker - Kupigania Uhuru<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chunguza jinsi upinzani wa Weusi, kupitia makabiliano ya kijasiri, kutoroka, na utetezi kulivyosaidia kuendeleza njia kuelekea kukomeshwa kwa jumuiya za Quaker nchini Marekani.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Upinzani Weusi kwa Utumwa wa Quaker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chunguza jinsi upinzani wa Weusi, kupitia makabiliano ya kijasiri, kutoroka, na utetezi kulivyosaidia kuendeleza njia kuelekea kukomeshwa kwa jumuiya za Quaker nchini Marekani.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Friends Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/friendsjournal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-08-01T06:10:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-09-16T15:02:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fussell_featured.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"725\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Friends Journal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@friendsournal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@friendsournal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Friends Journal\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Friends Journal\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/315ffb22a36ecbabdf5dbdc09d7d1eb7\"},\"headline\":\"Upinzani Weusi kwa Utumwa wa Quaker\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-08-01T06:10:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-09-16T15:02:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1984,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/07\\\/Fussell_featured.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Vipengele\"],\"inLanguage\":\"sw-KE\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/black-resistance-to-quaker-enslavement-2\\\/\",\"name\":\"Upinzani Weusi kwa Utumwa wa Quaker - 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