{"id":3117792,"date":"2007-08-01T00:00:43","date_gmt":"2007-08-01T04:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/habari-yako-mizigo-juu-ya-kejeli-na-kujihesabia-haki-kati-ya-marafiki\/"},"modified":"2007-08-01T00:00:43","modified_gmt":"2007-08-01T04:00:43","slug":"habari-yako-mizigo-juu-ya-kejeli-na-kujihesabia-haki-kati-ya-marafiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/habari-yako-mizigo-juu-ya-kejeli-na-kujihesabia-haki-kati-ya-marafiki\/","title":{"rendered":"‘Habari yako’: Mizigo juu ya Kejeli na Kujihesabia haki Kati ya Marafiki"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kwa muda mrefu nimekuwa na shauku ya kurudi nyuma katika mageuzi ya matumizi ya wewe, wewe<\/em> , na wewe<\/em> , anwani ya mtu wa pili katika Kiingereza, hasa miongoni mwa Quakers. Kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wengi wa ulimwengu wanaozungumza Kiingereza, nilikua nikikusikia<\/em> kama anwani ya umoja ya mtu wa pili kwa wote. Haikutumiwa tu na watu wa maelezo yote na chini ya hali zote, lakini hata kwa maisha yasiyo ya kibinadamu na vitu visivyo hai. Vyovyote ilivyokuwa, ikiwa ilikuwa inashughulikiwa, ilishughulikiwa kama wewe<\/g> . Pia, nilijua kwamba Waquaker wa kwanza walikuwa wameamua kukutumia wewe<\/em> na wewe<\/em> ulimwenguni pote badala ya yale yaliyokuwa mazoea ya wakati huo, ambayo yalikuwa ni kukutumia<\/em> kwa ajili ya familia, marafiki, na watu wa hali ya chini, na kukutumia<\/em> katika visa vingine vyote. Kiingereza, kama lugha nyingine zote za Ulaya, kilikuwa na anwani ”inayojulikana” na ”rasmi” au ”ya heshima” ya mtu wa pili, huku wewe<\/em> ukiwa unafahamika na wewe<\/em> ukiwa rasmi. Au angalau ndivyo nilivyofikiri hali ilikuwa. Nilikuwa nimeambiwa kwamba Waquaker wa mapema waliamua kutumia anwani inayojulikana na watu wote kwa sababu wote ni watoto wa Mungu na hivyo inapaswa kushughulikiwa kwa njia ile ile tunazungumza na washiriki wa familia yetu. Lakini watu wengine wa ulimwengu wanaozungumza Kiingereza haraka waliacha kawaida kabisa, na kuacha hali kama ilivyo leo. Ilinishtua sana kwamba watu wengine wa ulimwengu wanaozungumza Kiingereza walikuwa wamechukua anwani ya ulimwengu wote, kama vile Waquaker walivyopendekeza, lakini sio sawa, wakiwaacha Waquaker kwenye kiungo cha lugha. Lakini sikuifikiria sana, kwa kuwa hakuna niliyemjua aliyesema wewe<\/g> au wewe<\/g> isipokuwa walikuwa wakisoma Biblia. Sikujua kwamba baadhi ya Waquaker bado walikutumia<\/em> . <\/p>\n

Kisha nikakutana na rafiki yangu na nikatumia majira ya joto ya kwanza kati ya mawili huko Washington, DC, ili niweze kuwa karibu naye. (Na hii ilikuwa hatua nzuri\u2014bado tumefunga ndoa baada ya zaidi ya miaka 45.) Huko nilikutana na Quakers ambao walikutumia<\/em> , lakini waliitumia tu na familia na Waquaker wengine. Ilinigusa kwamba hii ilikuwa kinyume na sababu za kutumia wewe<\/em> na wewe<\/em> hapo kwanza. Ikiwa ulimwita ndugu<\/em> yako, basi itakupasa kuwaita watu<\/em> wote; ikiwa uliwaita watu wengine wewe<\/em> , basi unapaswa kumwita ndugu yako wewe<\/em> pia. Pia ilinishangaza kwamba Waquaker sasa walikuwa kundi pekee katika ulimwengu wa watu wanaozungumza Kiingereza ambalo bado lilitumia aina ya anwani inayojulikana pamoja na anwani rasmi ya kawaida wakati huo ndivyo hasa Waquaker wa mapema walipinga. Ilikuwa kana kwamba watu wengine wa ulimwengu wanaozungumza Kiingereza na Waquaker walikuwa wamebadili upande. Hata nilikuwa na ujasiri wa kutosha kueleza maoni hayo. Kwa kuwa familia ya rafiki yangu kila mara ilikutumia wewe<\/em> kwa kila mmoja na mara nyingi na Quakers, hii ilifanya mambo kuwa magumu. Kwa mfano, wanaposema wewe<\/g> kwa wao, basi nigeukie mimi na kuniambia<\/g> , ilikuwa kama ukuta umebomoka baina yetu, wao wakiwa upande mmoja na mimi na ulimwengu mwingine upande mwingine. Wakati fulani wangeweza kuteleza na kuniambia wewe<\/em> , na kisha ukuta ukaanguka nyuma yangu, ukinizungusha ndani pamoja nao na mbali na kila mtu mwingine. Sikuupenda ukuta huo, haijalishi ulianguka wapi. ”Wow,” nilifikiri, ”Hivyo ndivyo Waquaker wa mapema walikuwa wakipinga!” <\/p>\n

Niliamua kwamba nilipinga, pia, na nia yangu katika somo ilizaliwa. Katika kuomba nisitajwe kama wewe<\/em> , niliishia kutoa huzuni fulani kwa Quakers wa sasa kama vile Waquaker wa mapema walivyowapa watu wengi. Sababu yangu ilikuwa kwamba kuitumia sasa ilienda kinyume na sababu za kuitumia wakati huo. Kejeli zilizidi. Vivyo hivyo na maswali. Kwa nini Waquaker wa mapema hawakuwaita wanafamilia wao kitu kile kile walichokiita kila mtu badala ya kuwaita watu wengine kile walichokiita familia yao? Je, inaweza kuwa ni kwa sababu kuudhi kila mtu ni rahisi kubeba kuliko kuwakasirisha wale walio karibu nawe, kama uzoefu wangu mwenyewe ulivyopendekeza? Pia nilibaini kuwa Quakers hawakukutumia wewe<\/em> bali walikutumia badala yake<\/em> na walitumia kitenzi cha umoja cha nafsi ya tatu, si cha pili. Matokeo yake yalikuwa aina ya toleo la kushangaza, lililorahisishwa sana la kawaida. Kwa mfano, wakati mwingine watu walisema, ”Habari yako,” kama salamu. Hii ni sentensi yenye maneno matatu yenye makosa mawili ya kisarufi. (Hiyo ni, isipokuwa ukiiona kama lahaja ambayo matumizi yake thabiti yanafafanua sarufi yake, ambapo ni sahihi kwa ufafanuzi, kwa kuwa inatumika kwa uthabiti.) Maswali mengine yalikuwa: Kwa nini Kiingereza kiliacha kawaida yake ilhali hakuna lugha nyingine ya Ulaya iliyoacha lugha yake? Kwa nini Kiingereza kilishuka haraka sana? Je, hilo lisingekuwa badiliko kubwa kufanya haraka hivyo? Haijalishi ni sababu gani ya badiliko hilo, hakika Waquaker hawakuwa na uhusiano wowote nayo kwani walitaka kuachana na ile rasmi badala yake? Hatimaye, ni jinsi gani matumizi ya Waquaker ya yale waliyoyazoea yalifupishwa hivyo? <\/p>\n

Katika chuo nilichofundisha, nilijaribu kwa miaka mingi, mbali na kuendelea, kuwavutia wenzangu wa lugha katika maswali hayo lakini sikufanikiwa. Kwa kuwa sasa nimestaafu, nina muda wa kuyajibu mwenyewe. Nilianza kwa kuangalia katika vitabu vya historia ya Kiingereza, na hatimaye nikapata ambayo inaonekana ndiyo kazi ya uhakika kuhusu mada hiyo, You und Thou<\/em> na Thomas Finkenstaedt. Alijibu karibu maswali yote niliyokuwa nayo na mengi ambayo sikuwa nimeyafikiria. Bibliografia ya kitabu hicho ni kubwa, na inaonekana ndivyo usomi. Walakini, ni kwa Kijerumani na Kijerumani changu ni dhaifu sana. Ilichukua muda mrefu kupitia hata sehemu nilizofikiri zinafaa, lakini angalau nilipata majibu, zaidi au kidogo. Pia nilisoma The Battle-Door<\/em> cha George Fox et al., pamoja na sehemu za William Penn’s No Cross, No Crown<\/em> na sehemu za Robert Barclay’s Apology<\/em> . Nilichogundua ni kwamba karibu kila kitu nilichokuwa nikifikiria kilikuwa sahihi kilikuwa sahihi. Picha yangu ya hali ya lugha, sababu nilizofikiri Waquaker walikutumia wewe<\/em> , na maoni yangu kuhusu ukosefu wao wa jukumu katika mabadiliko yote hayakuwa sahihi. <\/p>\n

Kuanza, nilifikiria kuwa mnamo 1650 ulikuwa<\/em> katika matumizi ya kawaida sawa na inayojulikana katika lugha zingine, na ulikuwa kwa muda mrefu. Kwa kweli, matumizi ya wewe<\/em> yalikuwa yakibadilika sana kwa karne nne. Maendeleo haya yalikuwa magumu sana na nitatoa picha zake chache tu. Katika kipindi cha Kiingereza cha Kati, tuseme mwanzoni mwa karne ya 13, kulikuwa na aina moja tu ya anwani. Hiyo ilikuwa, katika umoja, wewe<\/em> na wewe<\/em> , na katika wingi, wewe<\/em> na wewe<\/em> . Wewe<\/em> na nyinyi<\/em> mlikuwa watu wa kupambanua, na nyinyi<\/em> na nyinyi<\/em> mlikuwa na lengo, ijapokuwa baina yenu<\/em> na nyinyi<\/em> mlikuwa mkipambanua. Katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 13 wakuu wa Kiingereza walianza kushughulikia wale wa vyeo vya juu katika wingi, yaani, kama wewe<\/em> . Hili lilikuwa ni zoea lililochukuliwa kutoka kwa tabaka tawala la Wafaransa ambao walianza kutumia wingi na mrahaba kisha wakaurefusha chini. Kufikia 1500, ulikuwa<\/em> bado anwani ya kawaida kati ya wageni na wewe iliyohifadhiwa kwa watu wa juu zaidi. Lakini hii ilikuwa katika idadi ya watu wote, sio tu wakuu. Kufikia 1600, ulikuwa umeenea hivi kwamba ilikuwa ni anwani ya kawaida kati ya wageni, na wewe<\/em> ulitumiwa kwa watu wa karibu na wa chini, yaani, hali ile ile niliyofikiri ilifanyika kwa karne nyingi kabla ya Quakers kuja. Hata katika familia, kulikuwa na tofauti. Kwa mfano, baba alimwita mwana kama wewe<\/em> , lakini mwana alimwita baba kama wewe<\/em> , kama ishara ya heshima. Aidha, matumizi ya wewe<\/em> yaliambatana na aina kadhaa za hisia. Kwa mfano, mtu asiyemjua anayesemwa kama wewe<\/em> badala yako<\/em> angechukulia jambo hilo kuwa la kudhalilisha na kuudhika sana, kama uzoefu wa Quaker ulivyoonyesha. Kufikia karibu 1700, ulikuwa<\/em> wa kizamani katika hotuba ya kawaida (hili ndilo jambo pekee nililopata!) na tofauti na hali ya miongo michache tu kabla, haikuwa na athari za kudhalilisha. Kutoweka kwako<\/em> kulianza London na katika tabaka za juu, na kuenea kutoka huko. Ili kupata maana ya jinsi maendeleo hayo yalivyokuwa magumu, kumbuka kwamba ni Kiingereza tu kilichoacha ujuzi wake, ili katika kuelezea, mtu anapaswa kuja na sababu kwa nini Kiingereza kiliiacha, lakini hakuna mtu mwingine aliyefanya, hata Wales. <\/p>\n

Mbali na kuchukua jukumu lolote katika mabadiliko haya, uamuzi wa Quaker wa kukutumia<\/em> ulimwenguni pote uliharakisha<\/em> kuondoka kwa lugha! Sababu moja ilikuwa kwamba kufikia mwisho wa karne ya 17, ulikuwa<\/g> unahusishwa sana na Waquaker hivi kwamba mtu hangeweza kuitumia hadharani bila kuchukuliwa kuwa Mquaker. Hilo lilikomesha kabisa wewe<\/em> , ingawa Finkenstaedt anasema ingekufa kifo cha kawaida hata hivyo kutokana na mabadiliko ya kijamii yanayofanya kazi dhidi yake. <\/p>\n

Ingawa kuenea kwako<\/em> kupitia sehemu mbalimbali za idadi ya watu kwa nyakati mbalimbali hakukuwa na usawa na kutatanisha, kiburi, ubatili, na kujipendekeza ambavyo Quakers walilalamikia vilikuwa mada za mara kwa mara. Pia, tofauti kati yako<\/g> na wewe<\/g> wakati huo ilikuwa sehemu ya vita vya utamaduni na Quakers walikuwa sana upande mmoja, na wafuasi wako<\/g> kwa upande mwingine. Pia, waandishi hawa wa Quaker walikutaja<\/em> kama wingi, wewe<\/em> kama umoja, na inaonekana kuwafikiria hivyo. Kwa hiyo Quakers kukuchagua<\/em> kama anwani ya ulimwengu wote halikuwa tu suala la kuunga mkono farasi wa maongezi mbaya. Hawangeweza kukutumia<\/em> na kubaki waaminifu kwa maarifa yao. <\/p>\n

Kuhusu jinsi ulivyokuja<\/em> kuchukua nafasi yako<\/em> kati ya Quakers, nadhani ya chanzo changu ni kwamba unasikika<\/em> mpole kuliko wewe<\/em> na hisia ya upole ndiyo ambayo Quakers walitaka kufanya. Kumbuka pia kuwa kesi ya lengo ilikuwa ikichukua nafasi ya nomino, kama vile lengo ulibadilisha<\/em> lile la nomino ye<\/em> . Labda kitu katika kesi ya lengo hufanya hisia bora, au angalau ya upole zaidi kuliko kitu katika uteuzi. Dhana yangu mwenyewe ya kwa nini kitenzi ni nafsi ya tatu umoja badala ya pili ni kwamba wewe<\/em> unasikika vya kutosha kama yeye<\/em> na yeye<\/em> ili kufanya kitenzi cha nafsi ya pili kisikike ”vibaya.” (Habari yako? Unakimbia haraka? Unasema vizuri? Lo; si nafasi.) <\/p>\n

Nilifikiri kupata uhalali, ”Wahutubie watu wote unapozungumza na kaka na dada yako,” ambayo nilifikiri Quakers wa mapema walikuwa nayo kwa kutumia ”wewe” na kila mtu, ingekuwa rahisi; lakini sikuweza kuipata popote\u2014si katika Fox, wala Penn, wala Barclay. (Kwa orodha kamili ya sababu ambazo waandishi hawa walitoa kwa kutumia ”wewe” badala ya ”wewe,” ona Penn’s No Cross, No Crown,<\/em> Sura ya 10. Ni usomaji wa kuvutia katika viwango kadhaa.) Jambo la karibu zaidi nililopata kwenye hoja ya ”udugu” au ”dada” ilikuwa hoja ya ”usawa” ambayo ilidokeza kwamba tunapaswa kushughulikia kila<\/em> mtu kwa sababu zilizoorodheshwa za Penn, Fox. Sababu hizo hazina maana leo na hazijapata kwa karne tatu. Kwa mfano, sababu moja iliyotolewa ni kwamba kukutumia<\/em> kwa mtu mmoja si sahihi kisarufi. Nyingine ilikuwa kwamba njia pekee sahihi ya kutafsiri Biblia kutoka Kilatini, ambayo ina nafsi moja tu ya pili ya neno la umoja, ilikuwa kutumia thou<\/em> , na Biblia kuwa Maandiko matakatifu\u2014unapata picha. Nyingine ni kwamba mtu anamwita Mungu kama wewe<\/em> , kwa hivyo kukutumia wewe<\/em> kwa watu kutawainua juu ya Mungu (angalia tofauti iliyoonyeshwa katika viwango). <\/p>\n

Ukweli unabaki kuwa Quakers waliendelea kukutumia wewe<\/em> (au wewe<\/em> ) kwa umakini muda mrefu baada ya uhalali wa asili kutofanyika tena. Sababu pekee ninazoweza kuona kwa ajili ya matumizi yake ya kuendelea ni tu kwamba Quakers alikuwa ”daima” amefanya hivyo, ilikuwa ”yetu” jambo, ni wanajulikana sisi kutoka kwa wengine, na waliona vizuri wakati kutumika kati ya familia na Quakers wengine. Kuifanya ilikuwa uhalali wa kuifanya. Haya kutoka kwa watu waliokwepa alama na ibada! Ni somo la kitu katika kifungu cha ufahamu wa kidini wa moja kwa moja, wenye maana katika muundo unaodumishwa tu na desturi, tabia, na ujuzi, au moja ambayo hudumishwa na mazingatio tofauti kabisa na, na hata kinyume na, yale yaliyoianzisha. <\/p>\n

Ikiwa hii inaweza kutokea, na kutokea kwa haraka sana, kwa watu ambao walikuwa na mashaka sana na matambiko, basi vipi kuhusu maadhimisho ya kidini au mazoea ya wale walio katika mapokeo mengine ya kidini? Je, kuna viumbe vingine vilivyo safi, vilivyo hai ambavyo bado vinaungwa mkono na ufahamu wa awali wa kidini? Je, ”maisha ya rafu” ya maarifa ya kidini daima ni mafupi kama yale ya Quaker wewe<\/em> ? <\/p>\n

Ningeweza kupata shida nyingi kwa kwenda mbele zaidi, kwa hivyo sitafanya.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kwa muda mrefu nimekuwa na shauku ya kurudi nyuma katika mageuzi ya matumizi ya wewe, wewe , na wewe ,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":822,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9822],"tags":[10889,11481],"fpb_issue_category":[],"class_list":["post-3117792","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vipengele","tag-historia","tag-quakerism-leo"],"yoast_head":"\n'Habari yako': Mizigo juu ya Kejeli na Kujihesabia haki Kati ya Marafiki - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/habari-yako-mizigo-juu-ya-kejeli-na-kujihesabia-haki-kati-ya-marafiki\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"'Habari yako': Mizigo juu ya Kejeli na Kujihesabia haki Kati ya Marafiki - 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