{"id":3119243,"date":"2013-05-31T08:00:11","date_gmt":"2013-05-31T12:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\/"},"modified":"2013-05-31T08:00:11","modified_gmt":"2013-05-31T12:00:11","slug":"juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\/","title":{"rendered":"Juu ya Mamlaka, Msamaha Mpya"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kwa miaka 350, Marafiki wametatizika zaidi kuliko madhehebu mengi ya kidini na suala la mamlaka. Bila ukuhani utoao kanuni na wenye viwango vya utii visivyodhibitiwa kwa Maandiko pamoja na ushuhuda unaotolewa badala ya kuamrishwa, Marafiki hawana mtazamo wa ulimwengu mmoja. <\/p>\n

Marafiki wamepata mamlaka fulani ya kudumu katika kitabu Apology for the True Christian Divinity<\/em> cha Robert Barclay, kilichochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika 1676. Alieleza kwa njia ya ajabu mazoea mengi ya Quakerism: kukataa kula kiapo, kukataa ubatizo, huduma ya Marafiki wote, na kuepuka \u201cdesturi na mazoea yasiyo na maana.\u201d Pia aliheshimu Maandiko, lakini katika Theses Theologicae<\/em> yake ,<\/em> aliandika juu ya jukumu la Maandiko ambalo lilikuwa linasumbua uanzishwaji wa kidini wa wakati huo: \u201c[Maandiko] ni tangazo la chemchemi tu wala si chemchemi<\/em> yenyewe<\/em> , [na] kwa hiyo hayapaswi kuhesabiwa kuwa msingi mkuu wa Kweli na ujuzi wote<\/em> … <\/p>\n

Mgawanyiko wa Waquaker wa miaka ya 1820 ulikuwa hatimaye kuhusu chanzo cha mamlaka kwa Friends: upande wa Orthodox ulishikilia kwamba Maandiko yalikuwa chanzo cha kweli cha mamlaka; akina Hicksite walikubaliana na jina lao Elias Hicks kwamba \u201cmwanadamu anawezeshwa kumpa Mungu haki yake kutokana na uzoefu wenye akili na unaojidhihirisha tu\u201d na kwamba \u201cmatokeo yanayotokezwa na kitabu kiitwacho Maandiko yaonekana, kutokana na maoni ya kulinganisha, kuwa ndiyo yaliyosababisha madhara mara nne zaidi ya mema kwa Jumuiya ya Wakristo.\u201d<\/p>\n

Chachu hii ndani ya Jumuiya ya Kidini ya Marafiki ilikuwa sehemu ya mapinduzi makubwa zaidi ambayo leo tunayaita Mwangaza, ambayo yalishikilia akili na uzoefu kama chanzo cha maarifa na – muhimu zaidi – chanzo cha maadili. Ujumbe wa Hicks kuhusu ”uzoefu wa busara na unaojidhihirisha” ulirejelea hisia ambazo zilikusanya wafuasi, nguvu, na uvumilivu wakati wa karne ya kumi na nane na kumi na tisa. <\/p>\n

Nilipokutana na shuhuda za Marafiki kwa mara ya kwanza miaka arobaini iliyopita, walihisi kufahamika. Hilo halishangazi, kwa sababu mimi ni mtoto wa Kutaalamika, na shuhuda kwa njia nyingi ni kauli za kanuni muhimu za Kutaalamika zilizowekwa katika neno la kidini: thamani na thamani ya mtu binafsi, usawa wa watu wote, thamani ya ushirikiano na jumuiya, na – kwa maneno ya Immanuel Kant – uhuru wa kutumia akili ya mtu mwenyewe. <\/p>\n

Lakini ujuzi na faraja na kanuni za Kutaalamika, na udhihirisho wao wa Quaker katika shuhuda zetu, bado huniacha nikiwa sijaridhika. Ikiwa nitakataa mamlaka ya kibiblia, basi kwa nini nipe maneno ya Immanuel Kant uaminifu zaidi? Ninataka maisha yangu ya kimaadili na ya kimaadili yawe na msingi wa kitu zaidi ya maoni ya wengine, au hadithi za kale. <\/p>\n

Tafadhali usinidhanie kuwa mimi ni mbishi ambaye ninakataa maarifa ya mtu yeyote ila yangu. Ninapata msukumo kutoka kwa vyanzo vingi: Voltaire, Henry Cadbury, John Rawls, Woody Guthrie, na Ratso Rizzo na Joe Buck katika Midnight Cowboy<\/g> , kutaja wachache sana. Nimetiwa moyo<\/em> lakini sijaamrishwa<\/em> na mifano hii. Ninatumia baadhi ya mafundisho yao, kurekebisha na kubadilisha machache, na kukataa tu mengine. Ninaungana na pendekezo la mwalimu wangu ninayempenda sana Walt Whitman, ambaye anatuhimiza \u201ckuchunguza tena yote ambayo umeambiwa kanisani au shuleni au katika kitabu chochote, kutupilia mbali chochote kinachokashifu nafsi yako.\u201d Siwezi na sitaki kujenga mfumo wa kudumu wa maadili juu ya maoni ya wengine; Nahitaji zaidi. <\/p>\n

Suala hili ni zaidi ya mchezo wa mawazo wa kitaaluma wa mwanafalsafa. Ni muhimu, angalau kwangu, kuelewa chanzo kikuu cha kanuni za maadili, na kuelewa kama chanzo hiki kwa namna fulani kinavuka matarajio ya mtu binafsi au ya kitamaduni. Hii ni mada ya zamani ambayo imekuwa changamoto kwa wanafalsafa kwa karne nyingi. Plato anasimulia juu ya mjadala kati ya Socrates na Euthyphro, mkuu wa Kigiriki. Euthyphro anapotoa hoja kwamba miungu huamua kilicho kitakatifu, Socrates anashangaa ikiwa dai la miungu ndilo linalohitajiwa ili kufafanua kitu kuwa kitakatifu, au ikiwa miungu inakubali kitu kwa sababu ni kitakatifu. Kwa vyovyote vile bado hatujui kwa nini kitu fulani ni kitakatifu. <\/p>\n

Huu ndio moyo wa shida yangu: Ninataka kujua kwa nini<\/em> kitu ni kitakatifu. Ili kutumia lugha ya kisasa zaidi, ninataka kujua kwa nini kitendo au mawazo ni ya kiadili, ya heshima, au yameamriwa ipasavyo. Ikiwa Socrates hakuwa na uhakika wa hili, basi, mimi pia. Ingetusaidia sote, naamini, kupata msingi wenye mamlaka na wa jumla wa shuhuda zetu. Utafutaji huu wa mamlaka umeniongoza kuzingatia kile ninachoweza kupata kutoka kwa maarifa yanayotolewa na uchunguzi wa kisasa wa kisayansi. <\/p>\n

Sayansi ilipoibuka kutoka kwa falsafa na theolojia na kuwa seti tofauti ya taaluma, njia mpya ya maarifa inayotegemea sayansi ikawa, na imeendelea kuwa, leitmotif muhimu katika utamaduni wetu. Vita vingi vya kitamaduni vinavyotutesa leo, kwa namna moja au nyingine, ni urithi wa kuibuka kwa sayansi kama kipingamizi cha imani kama njia ya maarifa. <\/p>\n

Lakini je, sayansi inaweza kutuambia nini kuhusu maadili? Mawazo ya David Hume kuhusu hilo yamekuwa kigezo, kinachojulikana kwa kawaida kuwa Sheria ya Hume; inasisitiza kwamba hitimisho la maadili haliwezi kutolewa kutoka kwa misingi ya ukweli, yaani, ”ni” haiwezi kusababisha ”lazima.” <\/p>\n

Inaonekana kuna angalau pendekezo moja la maadili la ulimwengu wote, ingawa, na labda linaweza kupindua\u2014au angalau kupinga\u2014nia kamili ya Sheria ya Hume. Ni jambo la kawaida kwamba kila utamaduni una toleo fulani la maadili ya usawa. Wakristo wanaijua kuwa Kanuni Bora, katika Mathayo 7:1; Confucius alifundisha kwamba mtu anapaswa \u201cUsiwalazimishe kamwe watu kile ambacho hungejichagulia mwenyewe\u201d; katika Ufalme wa Kati wa Misri mwongozo ulikuwa \u201cMfanyie yeye mtenda ili akufanyie hivi.\u201d Ninaona umaridadi na usahili wa ujumbe wa Rabi Hillel kuwa wenye kugusa moyo hasa: \u201cKinachokuchukiza usimtendee jirani yako; hii ndiyo Torati yote; mengine yote ni maelezo.\u201d <\/p>\n

Kwa nini niamini kuwa Sheria ya Usawa ina mamlaka zaidi kuliko mwongozo mwingine wowote wa kimaadili? Nimepata vidokezo kuhusu hili katika uwanja wa nadharia ya mchezo, ambayo ni utafiti wa kufanya maamuzi ya kimkakati. Kipengele kimoja cha nadharia ya mchezo huchunguza matokeo ya ushirikiano na kutoshirikiana, na imeonyesha wazi kwamba manufaa makubwa zaidi kwa wachezaji wote hutokana na ushirikiano; ni njia bora ya kuishi na kustawi. Kimsingi, sote tunafanya vyema zaidi tunaposhirikiana sisi kwa sisi; kinyume chake, juhudi za kutawala na kudhibiti zinaonyesha kuwa hazidumu na hazifai kuliko mbinu za ushirika. <\/p>\n

Katika miaka 150 iliyopita, nadharia ya mageuzi imekuwa kiini cha uelewa wetu wa asili na asili yetu, kimwili na kisaikolojia. Kama vile miili yetu ya kimwili imeibuka kutoka kwa aina za zamani zaidi, hisia zetu za maadili pia zimeibuka kama njia ya kuishi na kustawi. Charles Darwin alitambua hili alipoandika katika The Descent of Man<\/em> : <\/p>\n

Upesi kila mwanamume angejua kwamba ikiwa angewasaidia wanadamu wenzake, kwa kawaida angepokea msaada. Kutokana na nia hii ndogo anaweza kupata tabia ya kuwasaidia wenzake; na tabia ya kufanya matendo ya fadhili kwa hakika huimarisha hisia ya huruma ambayo inatoa msukumo wa kwanza kwa matendo ya wema. Mazoea, zaidi ya hayo, yanayofuatwa wakati wa vizazi vingi pengine huwa ya kurithiwa. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hapa hatimaye ni msingi wa maadili ya usawa ambayo yana mamlaka fulani kwangu, mamlaka kulingana na sababu na uzoefu. Ni kitu ndani yetu ambacho kinaonekana kuwa msingi wa maadili ya usawa, kanuni za Kutaalamika, na ushuhuda wa Marafiki. <\/p>\n

Lakini pia tumebadilika na kuwa wabinafsi, wajeuri, wajeuri na wenye kulipiza kisasi. Ni utaratibu wa kuishi, unaoeleweka kikamilifu unapotazamwa kupitia lenzi hii ya mageuzi. Wale ambao wako nje ya mfumo wetu wa jamaa au kiota chetu au jumuiya yetu wanaweza kuonekana kama tishio, na kuibua majibu ya chuki. Wakati mwingine tumeweza kusonga mbele zaidi ya mbinu chafu na za kustaajabisha za uchokozi au ulinzi, lakini ni kwetu sote. Tumekua kwa njia hiyo, bila kuzuilika kama vile tulivyobadilika kuwa wenye huruma. Ninapenda changamoto ya Aldous Huxley ya kuishi kwa heshima na kushinda miongozo hiyo ya zamani kuelekea kulipiza kisasi na vurugu: <\/p>\n

Chaguo ni letu kila wakati. Kisha nichague
\n Sanaa ndefu zaidi, njia ngumu ya Promethean
\n Cherishingly kutunza na kulisha na feni
\n Ule moto wa ndani, ambao mwali wake mdogo wa hatari,
\n Kuwashwa au kuzimwa huunda
\n Sisi ni watu wa vyeo au wanyonge,
\n Ulimwengu tunaoishi na hatima yenyewe,
\n Nyota yetu angavu au yenye matope. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kwa hivyo hii ina uhusiano gani na maisha yangu ya kidini? Ikiwa hisia zetu za maadili ni kisanii cha kibayolojia, kwa nini tujiunge na kikundi chochote cha kidini, na kwa nini Jumuiya ya Kidini ya Marafiki? Ninaamini kwamba kama Quakerism itakuwa muhimu leo \u200b\u200bna katika siku zijazo, ni lazima ijisisitize yenyewe kama mfumo wa maadili unaovuka migawanyiko ya kitheolojia na kututia moyo sisi sote kufafanua na kuishi maadili ya ulimwengu wote. Shuhuda zetu zinaweza kuonekana kama uandishi muhimu na ufafanuzi wa kiini chetu cha msingi na cha kina cha maadili, kiolezo cha kuishi kwa mpangilio sahihi ambacho kimekuwa kikiongezeka ndani yetu kwa milenia isiyohesabika. <\/p>\n

Njia moja ya kuona jitihada hii katika maisha yaliyopangwa ipasavyo ni kufikiria ni nani tuliojumuisha katika kijiji chetu, familia, au kiota. Marafiki wanaweza kujivunia historia yetu ya muda mrefu ya kuwaalika wengine kuwa sehemu ya jumuiya yetu, na kuongoza jamii pana zaidi kutoa mialiko hii kwa upana zaidi: wanawake, watoto, wachache wa kabila na rangi, wale walio na tofauti za jinsia na upendeleo wa kijinsia, wasio Wakristo, wapagani, watu wasioamini Mungu; wote wamealikwa katika kijiji chetu, familia yetu, kiota chetu. Juhudi zetu za amani na haki za kijamii zimekuwa na ubora wa ulimwengu wote, unaofanywa kwa sehemu kubwa bila kuzingatia siasa, dini, au utaifa. Tunaweza kujivunia njia ambazo tumeongozwa na shuhuda zetu; kwa kuongeza tunaweza kujivunia kwamba shuhuda zetu zinaonyesha sehemu bora zaidi ya urithi wetu wa awali wa mageuzi na kuwakilisha ukweli wa ulimwengu. <\/p>\n

Na kuhusu uhusiano wangu na shuhuda na desturi za Marafiki, ninajua sasa kwa nini ninaungana nao. Ni matamshi yetu wenyewe ya, na kitabu cha mwongozo kwa, sharti hili la kale la kupendana na kusaidiana. Wananiunganisha na Dini ya Quaker na wamenisaidia kuwa mtu bora zaidi. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Je, sayansi na maadili vinaweza kueleza kwa nini kitu fulani ni kitakatifu?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9822],"tags":[],"fpb_issue_category":[10168],"class_list":["post-3119243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vipengele","fpb_issue_category-juni-julai-2013-ushuhuda-wa-quaker"],"yoast_head":"\nJuu ya Mamlaka, Msamaha Mpya - Friends Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sw_KE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Juu ya Mamlaka, Msamaha Mpya - Friends Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Je, sayansi na maadili vinaweza kueleza kwa nini kitu fulani ni kitakatifu?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Friends Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/friendsjournal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-05-31T12:00:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/FJ_generic_featured_FINAL.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"779\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"438\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Martin Kelley\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@friendsjournal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@friendsournal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Martin Kelley\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Martin Kelley\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7ed35dbed87f6eb86c60eeb3e20e078e\"},\"headline\":\"Juu ya Mamlaka, Msamaha Mpya\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-05-31T12:00:11+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1561,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Vipengele\"],\"inLanguage\":\"sw-KE\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.friendsjournal.org\\\/sw\\\/juu-ya-mamlaka-msamaha-mpya\\\/\",\"name\":\"Juu ya Mamlaka, Msamaha Mpya - 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