{"id":3122718,"date":"2024-06-01T02:25:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-01T06:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/maono-ya-asili-ya-george-fox\/"},"modified":"2025-10-12T03:14:17","modified_gmt":"2025-10-12T07:14:17","slug":"maono-ya-asili-ya-george-fox","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.friendsjournal.org\/sw\/maono-ya-asili-ya-george-fox\/","title":{"rendered":"Maono ya Asili ya George Fox"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Marafiki wengi wa Kiliberali leo watasisitiza kwa urahisi kwamba kuna ”ile ya Mungu katika kila mtu,” maneno yaliyotumiwa na George Fox mara chache katika Journal<\/em> yake. Ni nadra, hata hivyo, kusikia Marafiki hawa wakitumia msemo ambao Fox aliutumia mara nyingi zaidi: \u201cNguvu ya Bwana ilikuwa juu ya yote.\u201d Ni maoni yangu kwamba wengi miongoni mwetu wanaamini kwamba Nuru, asili ya kiungu ndani ya wanadamu, ndiyo yote ambayo ni ”ya Mungu,” au angalau yote tunaweza kujua. Badala ya kuzipitia nguvu za Mungu ndani ya wanadamu na pia nje yetu, kupenya kila kitu, tumeweka mkazo wetu kwa ubinadamu kwa hila kama mahali pa uungu na kumuondoa Mungu kutoka katikati ya utu wetu, imani yetu, na Uumbaji wote. Na zaidi, Marafiki wa Kiliberali wameacha kusisitiza uelewa ambao ulikuwa msingi kwa Quakers wa mapema: kwamba asili ya kimungu ndani ya mwanadamu inahitaji kukuzwa ili kukua hadi kukomaa. <\/p>\n\n

Uvumbuzi wa kiroho na uzoefu wa moja kwa moja wa Waquaker wa kwanza ulikuwa mkali sana hivi kwamba Wakristo wenzao waliwaita watukanaji na wazushi. Marafiki wengi walifungwa kwa sababu ya vitendo vya hadharani, lakini ilikuwa ni maneno yaliyoandikwa au yaliyosemwa ya Quaker ambayo yalikuwa magumu zaidi. Uzoefu wao wenye nguvu wa mambo halisi ya kiroho na imani zao kuhusu Uwepo wa Kiungu wa ndani ulitofautiana na uongozi wa kidini uliokubalika, mafundisho ya kidini, na desturi za wakati huo. <\/p>\n\n

Baadhi ya zile zinazoitwa imani potofu za kiroho za Waquaker wa kwanza bado ni changamoto kwa vikundi na jamii nyingi, lakini imani hizi zinachukuliwa kuwa kweli za kawaida na wengine wengi katika siku zetu. Kama jumuiya ya kidini leo, tunakosa nguvu nyingi za kiroho zinazojulikana na Marafiki mwanzoni mwa vuguvugu la Quaker. Hii haishangazi. Harakati nyingi za kiroho huanza na mlipuko wa ufahamu mpya na shauku ya nguvu ambayo inafifia polepole kadiri vuguvugu hilo linavyopangwa kuwa taasisi na kuendelezwa kwa vizazi na wengi ambao hawajawahi kuona moja kwa moja ukweli wa kiroho ambao vuguvugu liliundwa kushiriki. <\/p>\n\n

Marafiki wana deni la shukrani kwa wale waliofuga theolojia asilia ya Marafiki wa kwanza na kupanga jumuiya ya Quaker katika miundo waliyoiita ”utaratibu wa injili.” Ikiwa hawangefanya hivyo, mila ya Quaker haingebakia kupitishwa. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Quaker wa kwanza walikuwa wakulima na mafundi. Vuguvugu hilo lilipopanuka kutoka mahali lilipozaliwa katika maeneo ya mashambani kaskazini mwa Uingereza na kupata umaarufu katika miji mikubwa zaidi ya Uingereza, lilivutia wafuasi matajiri, walioelimika sana, na jinsi lilivyojidhihirisha lilianza kubadilika. Akiwa Mbinguni Duniani<\/em> , Douglas Gwyn anaeleza mabadiliko yaliyotokea ndani ya miaka 20 baada ya kuanza kwa vuguvugu hilo. Wakiwa wameteseka sana kutokana na mateso na vifungo, wachache wa viongozi wa awali walikuwa bado hai. George Fox na Margaret Fell walibaki, hata hivyo, na walifanya kazi na kizazi cha pili cha Marafiki kuleta vuguvugu la mapema la Quaker katika jamii ya kidini iliyopangwa ambayo ingedumu baada ya kurejeshwa kwa ufalme wa Uingereza. Gwyn anaelezea jinsi walivyobadilisha tabia zao: <\/p>\n\n

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Marafiki walipiga kitu cha ”mpango” na serikali ya kiburi, iliyotengwa. Mbele ya uanzishwaji ambao uliendelea kudharau vikundi vya watu wasiofuata sheria hata kupitia miaka ya 1680, Friends walijitahidi kujiwakilisha kama ”wasio na madhara” na ”wasio na hatia.” Walikuwa wameshikilia amani wakati wote, lakini pia walikuwa wametishia mpangilio mzima wa kijamii. Sasa walijaribu kujifanya kuwa wasiokera kadiri wawezavyo, huku wakiendelea kudumisha viwango vyao wenyewe. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n

Mnamo 1689, kama matokeo ya juhudi hizi, Marafiki walipewa uvumilivu wa kisheria.<\/p>\n\n

Wale kati yetu ambao wana ladha ya kile kilichopotea katika mchakato huo tunaomboleza kwamba baadhi ya ufahamu mkali zaidi wa Quakerism haukuishi katika makazi ya kipindi hicho kwa jamii. Hata hivyo, Gwyn anatukumbusha kwamba Marafiki wana deni la shukrani kwa wale waliofuga theolojia asilia ya Marafiki wa kwanza na kupanga jumuiya ya Quaker katika miundo waliyoiita ”utaratibu wa injili.” Ikiwa hawangefanya hivyo, mila ya Quaker isingebakia kupitishwa. <\/p>\n\n

Katika mchakato wa kufanya kazi ya kustahimili imani ya Quakerism, waandishi wawili bora zaidi wa theolojia walioelimishwa na seminari wa kizazi cha pili cha Friends, Robert Barclay na William Penn, walikuwa na shauku ya kuonyesha kwamba Quakerism ilikuwa inapatana kitheolojia na Maandiko. Kitabu mahiri cha Barclay An Apology for the True Christian Divinity<\/em> , ambacho kilikuja kuwa kitabu cha kawaida cha theolojia cha Quaker kwa karne nyingi zilizofuata, kilipanga mapendekezo yake 15 katika muundo sawa na Katekisimu Fupi ya Puritan ya Westminster<\/em> . Kwa njia hii na nyinginezo za hila, iliweka muundo wa Quakerism kama usemi mkali zaidi wa Puritan, badala ya kuwa kitu tofauti na cha mapinduzi zaidi. Katika mchakato huo, baadhi ya mawazo na tajriba kali zaidi zilizoelezwa mwanzoni mwa Quakerism na George Fox zilirekebishwa au kukandamizwa. Huu haukuwa usaliti wa Fox, ambaye alikuwa mshauri wa Barclay na Penn. Katika uandishi wake mwenyewe wa wakati huo, Fox mwenyewe alianza kukataa Uquaker kwa njia ya kawaida zaidi. Katika enzi yetu yenye changamoto, hata hivyo, tunahitaji kupata kutoka kwa ufunuo kamili uliopokewa na Quaker wa kwanza. <\/p>\n\n

Marafiki wa kwanza, ambao walikuwa wameishi tu kupitia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Kiingereza, waliamini kuwa waliishi katika nyakati za apocalyptic: kipindi ambacho ulimwengu mmoja ulikuwa unaisha na mwingine unaanza, wakati wa ufunuo mkubwa. Walitangaza mwanzo mpya, na kuzaliwa kwa ubinadamu mpya. Kwa karne nyingi, watu na vikundi fulani kote Ulaya na Uingereza walikuwa wamehisi kwamba Mungu alikuwa anajitayarisha kufichua \u201ckipindi\u201d kipya cha kiroho kwa wanadamu. Wa Quaker wa kwanza waliamini kuwa wamepokea enzi hii mpya. Kama Wakristo wa kwanza, Quakers walionyesha vifungu vingi vya Maandiko kutabiri uhusiano huu mpya kati ya Mungu na wanadamu. Walikuwa wamepokea, kwa mfano, kumwagwa kwa Roho wa Mungu juu ya wote wenye mwili, wa kike na wa kiume, iliyotabiriwa katika Yoeli 2:28, na walitangaza kuwa wamepewa uwezo wa unabii. Kifungu kingine cha Maandiko muhimu kwa Marafiki wa mapema kilikuwa Warumi 8:14: ”Kwa maana wote wanaoongozwa na Roho wa Mungu, hao ndio watoto wa Mungu” (NRSV). <\/p>\n\n

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Lancaster Castle, Uingereza, kutumika kama jela. Fox alifungwa hapa mnamo 1660. Picha na Nuttytimmy kwenye Wikimedia Commons. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Ufunuo muhimu uliopokelewa na Fox ni kwamba Kristo yuko ndani, kama Nuru ya ndani na mwalimu. Kila mtu anao uwezo wa kufundishwa moja kwa moja na Nuru hii hiyo, \u201camtiayo nuru kila mtu ajaye ulimwenguni\u201d (Yohana 1:9 [KJV]). Fox alisisitiza kwamba kipimo cha Nuru ya Kristo kipo kama mbegu ndogo ndani ya kila mtu, inayohitaji kuangaliwa kwa uangalifu na kukuzwa. Katika nafsi nyingi, mbegu husongwa au kufunikwa. Na kuna mbegu nyingine, kutoka kwenye chanzo kisicho kitakatifu, ambacho hushindana na Nuru kukua na kutawala ndani ya kila mtu. Alipotazama ndani ya akili na moyo wake mwenyewe, Fox aliumia kugundua misukumo kuelekea tabia zile zile alizolaani kwa wengine. Kuona hivyo, aliwasilisha kwa mchakato mkali wa ndani. Alijiruhusu kuona njia zilizofichwa alizompinga Mungu kwa ndani. Alipokiri kile kilichofunuliwa, Nuru ilianza kufunua jinsi ya kujifungua kwa Roho wa Kiungu. Alilinganisha mchakato huo na moto wa msafishaji: katika mwako wa Nuru ya ndani, silika na mielekeo iliyo chini yake ilikuwa ikifichuliwa na kuchomwa polepole. <\/p>\n\n

Marafiki wa Awali walielekeza kwenye vifungu vya Maandiko vinavyosema kwamba mwanadamu aliumbwa kwa sura na mfano wa Mungu, akiwa na asili safi. Kama Wakristo wengine, waliamini kwamba kutotii kwa Adamu na Hawa kulitumbukiza ubinadamu katika hali ya ”asili”. Kwa njia ya utakaso wa moto wa msafishaji, hata hivyo, mwanadamu aliyeanguka anazaliwa upya katika Roho, na nafsi ya mwanadamu inarudishwa kwa asili yake ya awali ya kimungu. Katika Hoja ya VII ya Msamaha wake,<\/g> Robert Barclay anazungumza juu ya mchakato wa sehemu mbili wa ukombozi, sehemu ya kwanza ikiwa ni zawadi safi na ya pili inayohitaji ”shahidi,” ambayo labda inaweza kufasiriwa kama hatua ya uaminifu katika kujibu maongozi ya Roho. Utaratibu huu wa ukombozi, Barclay asema, hutokeza \u201cumoja, upendeleo, na urafiki pamoja na Mungu.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Kufikia 1648, Fox alikuwa akija kikamilifu katika mamlaka yake ya kinabii. Katika mwaka huo alikuwa na uzoefu wa ndani wenye nguvu, ulioelezwa katika Jarida<\/em> lake. Katika ono, alichukuliwa hadi katika Paradiso ya Mungu na katika hali ya Adamu na Hawa kabla ya kutotii kwao, hali ya awali ya kibinadamu ya kutembea kila siku na Mungu na kupokea na kutii Mwongozo wa Kimungu. Katika hali hii, Fox aliweza kuona ndani ya viumbe vyote, na \u201cNeno la kimungu la hekima na nguvu ambalo kwalo lilifanywa\u201d lilifunuliwa. <\/p>\n\n

Kisha mara moja akachukuliwa juu ili \u201ckuona katika hali nyingine au imara zaidi kuliko ile ya Adamu katika kutokuwa na hatia, hata katika hali katika Kristo Yesu, ambayo haipaswi kuanguka kamwe.\u201d Katika ufunuo huu wa kimungu, Fox alipata umoja usioonekana, umoja ambao ndio msingi wa tofauti na utengano dhahiri wa watu na vitu, unaounganisha wote katika Mungu. Aliandika kwamba umoja huu wa kimsingi hatimaye utafunuliwa kwa kila mtu ambaye anajisalimisha vya kutosha kwa Mungu: <\/p>\n\n

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watu wanapokuja katika utii kwa Roho wa Mungu, na kukua katika sura na nguvu za Mwenyezi, wanaweza kupokea Neno la hekima, ambalo hufungua mambo yote, na kupata kujua umoja uliofichwa katika Uhai wa Milele.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n

Uzoefu huu wa maono ulikuwa kilele cha mchakato mrefu ambapo Nuru ilikuwa imefichua dhambi na majaribu yake, ikamsafisha, na kumuangazia kwa ukweli wa kiroho. Wale wanaonyenyekea kwa subira mchakato huu hatimaye huwa tayari kabisa na kuweza kuishi kupatana na mapenzi ya Mungu. Fox aliwaonyesha wakosoaji kwamba kusema kuwa haiwezekani kufikia hali kama hiyo\u2014kama ilivyotangazwa kwa kawaida katika siku zake\u2014ni kudai kwamba dhambi ina nguvu zaidi kuliko uwezo wa Mungu au Kristo wa kubadilisha. Katika kutangaza uwezekano wa kurejeshwa kwenye hali ya asili ambayo ndani yake mwanadamu alikuwa ameumbwa, kwa sura na mfano wa Mungu, akiwa na asili kamilifu ya kimungu, waandikaji wa mapema wa Quaker walirejezea 2 Petro 1:4 (RSV): \u201c[H]ametukirimia ahadi zake kuu, zenye thamani, ili kwamba kwa hizo mpate kuziepuka uharibifu ulio katika ulimwengu na kuwa washirika. <\/p>\n\n

Marafiki walipokua katika umoja na Mungu, wakikaa katika nguvu na upendo wa Mungu kupitia kazi ya Nuru ndani, wakawa vyombo ambavyo uponyaji wa kimungu na upendo unaobadilisha hutiririka kuelekea wengine. Siku moja, baada ya kupitia miaka ya kutafuta na mabadiliko ya ndani, Mbweha alikuwa akitembea shambani na akamsikia Mungu akizungumza naye na kuthibitisha kwamba alikuwa amezaliwa upya: \u201cBwana akaniambia, \u2018Jina lako limeandikwa katika kitabu cha uzima cha Mwana-Kondoo, ambacho kilikuwa kabla ya kuwekwa misingi ya ulimwengu; na kama vile Bwana alivyonena naliamini, nikaona ndani yake kuzaliwa upya. <\/p>\n\n

Kabla ya uzoefu wake wa maono wa Paradiso ya Mungu, ni watu wachache tu na vikundi vilikuwa vimetii ujumbe wa George Fox. Baada ya kuzaliwa upya kama mwana wa Mungu, uwezo wa kinabii wa Fox ulikua katika nguvu na utimilifu. Akizungumza kwa ujasiri katika jumba la minara, viwanja vya soko, na mahali pengine pa watu wote, alizua ghasia alipokuwa akitangaza kweli kali ambayo alikuwa amejulishwa. Katika Jarida lake,<\/em> aliandika: <\/p>\n\n

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Bwana aliniamuru niende katika ulimwengu, uliokuwa kama jangwa lenye miiba, na nilipokuja katika ulimwengu katika nguvu kuu za Bwana pamoja na neno la uzima, ulimwengu ulivimba na kufanya kelele kama mawimbi makubwa ya bahari. . . . Sasa nalitumwa kuwageuza watu kutoka gizani waingie kwenye nuru, ili wampokee Kristo Yesu, kwa maana kwa wote watakaompokea katika nuru yake, niliona kwamba atawapa uwezo wa kufanyika watoto wa Mungu, ambao niliupata kwa kumpokea Kristo.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n

Inasaidia kurejesha mafunuo yote makubwa yaliyopokelewa na George Fox na Marafiki wa kwanza, na katika kufungua kupokea ufunuo unaoendelea katika wakati wetu, hatupaswi kujiwekea mipaka kwa mafunuo hayo bali tuwe tayari kuwa waaminifu kwa kweli zozote zilizofichwa zitafunuliwa. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Fox alishtakiwa mara kadhaa kwa kukufuru na uzushi. Alihukumiwa katika jela ya Derby mwaka wa 1650 na akakaa gerezani kwa muda wa miezi mingi, ambapo watu wengi wadadisi walikuja kumtembelea na kumhoji. Mtafutaji mwenye bidii huko York, Richard Farnsworth, alianza mawasiliano. Baada ya kutoka gerezani, Fox alisafiri hadi York kukutana na Farnsworth. Huko Farnsworth na watafutaji wengine wengi walijiunga katika kueneza ujumbe wake. Kufuatia mwongozo wa Nuru, Fox na marafiki zake wapya walisafiri zaidi kaskazini hadi Westmoreland, ambapo vikundi vya watafutaji vilikuwa vimekusanyika kwa miaka mingi, wakingoja Mungu awatumie mwongozo wa kinabii. Mnamo 1652, idadi kubwa yao ilishawishiwa na Quakers. <\/p>\n\n

Katika mwaka huo huo, mawaziri 40 wa eneo hilo katika Kaunti ya Lancaster walileta kesi dhidi ya Fox, wakimtuhumu kwa kukufuru. Jaji Thomas Fell, ambaye mke wake, Margaret, alikuwa amekuwa Mwanachama, alikuwa mmoja wa majaji watatu wasimamizi. Kanali West, rafiki wa karibu wa familia ya Fell, alikuwa mwingine. Katika kitabu chake cha 1992 , New Light on George Fox and Early Quakerism<\/g> , msomi Richard Bailey ananukuu nakala ya kesi hiyo. Shtaka la kufuru lilikuwa likitolewa dhidi ya Fox na wahudumu kwa sababu mmoja wao alikuwa amemsikia Fox akisema, \u201cYeye atakasaye na [wale] wanaotakaswa wote ni wa mmoja katika Baba na Mwana na kwamba ninyi ni wana wa Mungu.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Wakati wa kesi hiyo, Jaji Fell aliwataka majaji wengine kuangalia sheria kwa makini. Kulingana na sheria za kukufuru, ilikuwa ni kinyume cha sheria kudai usawa na Mungu. Baada ya mabishano kuhusu suala hilo, Jaji Fell alisema kwamba Fox hakudai kuwa sawa na Mungu bali kuunganishwa na Mungu. Ili kulinganishwa, vitu viwili lazima viwe tofauti, tofauti kutoka kwa kila mmoja. <\/p>\n\n

Charles Marshall, kiongozi wa wahudumu 40 walioleta shtaka hilo, aliuliza Fox: \u201cJe, wewe ni sawa na Mungu?\u201d ”Baba yangu na mimi tu umoja,” Fox alisema.<\/p>\n\n

Marshall alitangaza kwamba taarifa za Fox zinapaswa kupatikana kuwa kinyume na sheria za kukufuru. Kanali Magharibi alijibu kuwa kazi ya majaji ni kuamua kesi kwa mujibu wa sheria ilivyoandikwa. Fox alikuwa amedai umoja na Mungu, lakini hakuwa amedai kuwa sawa na Mungu. Kwa hivyo, Fox hakuwa amevunja sheria. Uamuzi wa kesi ya Lancaster ulianzisha mfano muhimu ambao ulilinda vuguvugu la Quaker katika kesi za kufuru zilizofuata. Hata hivyo, katika theolojia za Marafiki zilizoandikwa na kizazi cha pili, ingawa hali ya umoja na Mungu imeinuliwa iwezekanavyo, ufunuo wa Fox wa umoja uliofichwa na Mungu hauonekani. <\/p>\n\n

Katika wakati huu wa hali ya hewa inayobadilika haraka, kuna shinikizo kwa mifumo yote ya kijamii. Ubinadamu unakabiliwa na wakati ujao wa apocalyptic zaidi kuliko Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Kiingereza ambavyo Quakerism ilizaliwa. Ili kukabiliana na mabadiliko yaliyo mbele yetu kwa hekima yote ya kimungu, upendo, na nguvu zote za kiroho zinazopatikana kwetu, tunahitaji kumweka Mungu\u2014hata hivyo tunafikiri kuhusu Utu wa Milele ambaye sisi ni wamoja\u2014katikati ya mioyo yetu, akili, ibada, na maisha ya jumuiya. Tunahitaji kuunganisha ufahamu na mazoea makubwa zaidi ya Waquaker wa kwanza na kujifunza kunyenyekea kwa Nuru ya ndani ambayo inaweza kutuongoza, ili sisi, pia, tuweze kurejeshwa katika asili ya kimungu na kushiriki kwa njia bora zaidi katika kazi ya Mungu ya uponyaji na kusema ukweli katika wakati huu ambao haujawahi kutokea. Inasaidia kurejesha mafunuo yote makubwa yaliyopokelewa na George Fox na Marafiki wa kwanza, na katika kufungua kupokea ufunuo unaoendelea katika wakati wetu, hatupaswi kujiwekea mipaka kwa mafunuo hayo bali tuwe tayari kuwa waaminifu kwa kweli zozote zilizofichwa zitafunuliwa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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